分类目录归档：Harlan Teklad

Harlan TD.02028 Atherogenic Rodent Diet 致动脉粥样硬化的啮齿动物饮食

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Harlan TD.02028 Atherogenic Rodent Diet 致动脉粥样硬化的啮齿动物饮食

Harlan动物饲料

上海金畔生物供应Harlan TD.02028 Atherogenic Rodent Diet 致动脉粥样硬化的啮齿动物饮食，欢迎咨询我们或者访问Harlan官网查询相关饲料报价说明书等信息。

Formula g/Kg
Casein 酪蛋白 195
DL-Methionine DL-蛋氨酸 3
Sucrose 蔗糖 325.46
Corn Starch 玉米淀粉 150
Anhydrous Milkfat 无水乳脂 210
Cholesterol 胆固醇 12.5
Cholic Acid 胆酸 5
Cellulose 纤维素 50
Mineral Mix, AIN-76 (170915) 矿物混合物，AIN-76 (170915) 35
Calcium Carbonate 碳酸钙 4
Vitamin Mix, Teklad (40060) 维生素混合物，Teklad (40060) 10
Ethoxyquin, antioxidant 乙氧喹，抗氧化剂 0.04
Footnote
This is a modification of diet TD.88137 to increase added cholesterol to 1.25% (total in the diet is 1.3%) and add 0.5% cholic acid. TD.96121 is a version without cholic acid.

这是对饮食 TD.88137 的修改，将添加的胆固醇增加到 1.25%（饮食中的总胆固醇为 1.3%）并添加 0.5% 的胆酸。 TD.96121 是不含胆酸的版本。
Selected Nutrient Information1
% by weight % kcal from
Protein 17.3 15.4
Carbohydrate 46.9 41.9
Fat 21.2 42.6
Kcal/g 4.5

1 Values are calculated from ingredient analysis or manufacturer data
Key Features
+ Purified Diet

+ Modification of TD.88137

+ Cholesterol

+ Cholic Acid

主要特征
+ 纯净饮食
+ 修改 TD.88137
+ 胆固醇
+ 胆酸

Harlan TD.01546 叶酸缺乏饲料 Folic Acid Defic. Diet成分表

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Harlan TD.01546 叶酸缺乏饲料 Folic Acid Defic. Diet成分表

Harlan代理

上海金畔生物供应Harlan TD.01546 叶酸缺乏饲料 Folic Acid Defic. Diet饲料，欢迎访问Harlan官网或者咨询我们获取相关饲料报价。说明书等信息。

Harlan饲料

Formula 公式 g/Kg
L-Alanine L-丙氨酸 3.5
L-Arginine HCl L-精氨酸盐酸盐 12.1
L-Asparagine L-天冬酰胺 6
L-Aspartic Acid L-天冬氨酸 3.5
L-Cystine L-胱氨酸 3.5
L-Glutamic Acid L-谷氨酸 40
Glycine 甘氨酸 23.3
L-Histidine HCl, monohydrate L-组氨酸盐酸盐，一水合物 4.5
L-Isoleucine L-异亮氨酸 8.2
L-Leucine L-亮氨酸 11.1
L-Lysine HCl L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 18
L-Methionine L-蛋氨酸 3.3
L-Phenylalanine L-苯丙氨酸 7.5
L-Proline L-脯氨酸 3.5
L-Serine L-丝氨酸 3.5
L-Threonine L-苏氨酸 8.2
L-Tryptophan L-色氨酸 1.8
L-Tyrosine L-酪氨酸 5
L-Valine L-缬氨酸 8.2
Sucrose 蔗糖 359.1787
Corn Starch 玉米淀粉 150
Maltodextrin 麦芽糊精 150
Soybean Oil 豆油 80
Cellulose 纤维素 30
Mineral Mix, AIN-93M-MX (94049) 矿物混合物，AIN-93M-MX (94049) 35
Calcium Phosphate, monobasic, monohydrate 磷酸钙，一元，一水合物 8.2
Succinylsulfathiazole 琥珀酰磺胺噻唑 10
Choline Bitartrate 酒石酸胆碱 2.5
Vitamin K, menadione sodium bisulfite 维生素K、甲萘醌亚硫酸氢钠 0.05
TBHQ, antioxidant TBHQ，抗氧化剂 0.02
Green Food Color 绿色食用色素 0.1
Niacin 烟酸 0.03
Calcium Pantothenate 泛酸钙 0.016
Pyridoxine HCl 盐酸吡哆醇 0.007
Thiamin (81%) 硫胺素 (81%) 0.006
Riboflavin 核黄素 0.006
Folic Acid 叶酸 0.0003
Biotin 生物素 0.0002
Vitamin B12 (0.1% in mannitol) 维生素 B12（甘露醇中的 0.1%） 0.025
Vitamin E, DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (500 IU/g) 维生素 E，DL-α 生育酚乙酸酯 (500 IU/g) 0.15
Vitamin A Palmitate (500,000 IU/g) 维生素 A 棕榈酸酯 (500,000 IU/g) 0.008
Vitamin D3, cholecalciferol (500,000 IU/g) 维生素 D3、胆钙化醇 (500,000 IU/g) 0.002
Vitamin K1, phylloquinone 维生素 K1、叶绿醌 0.0008
Footnote
A modification of TD.01369, containing 3.3 g/kg methionine, 1% succinylsulfathiazole, and approx. 0.3 mg/kg folic acid. Color-coded green.

TD.01369 的改良版，含有 3.3 g/kg 蛋氨酸、1% 琥珀酰磺胺噻唑和约 0.3 毫克/公斤叶酸。 颜色编码的绿色。

Key Features
+ Amino Acid Defined Diet

+ Folic Acid

+ Methionine

+ Color Coded
Selected Nutrient Information1
% by weight % kcal from
Protein CHO

Fat

 15.1

64.4

8.0

 15.5

66.1

18.5
Kcal/g 3.9

1 Calculated values

2 Protein based on N x 6.25

Teklad Diets are designed & manufactured for research purposes only.

Harlan TD.08149 叶酸补充饲料Folic Acid Suppl. Diet

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Harlan TD.08149 叶酸补充饲料Folic Acid Suppl. Diet

Harlan TD.08149 叶酸补充饲料

英文名称：Folic Acid Suppl. Diet (20, 3.3 Met., S)

Formula g/Kg
L-Alanine 3.5
L-Arginine HCl 12.1
L-Asparagine 6.0
L-Aspartic Acid 3.5
L-Cystine 3.5
L-Glutamic Acid 40.0
Glycine 23.3
L-Histidine HCl, monohydrate 4.5
L-Isoleucine 8.2
L-Leucine 11.1
L-Lysine HCl 18.0
L-Methionine 3.3
L-Phenylalanine 7.5
L-Proline 3.5
L-Serine 3.5
L-Threonine 8.2
L-Tryptophan 1.8
L-Tyrosine 5.0
L-Valine 8.2
Sucrose 349.412
Corn Starch 150.0
Maltodextrin 150.0
Soybean Oil 80.0
Cellulose 30.0
Mineral Mix, AIN-93M-MX (94049) 35.0
Calcium Phosphate, monobasic, monohydrate 8.2
Succinylsulfathiazole 10.0
Vitamin Mix, AIN-93-VX (94047) 10.0
Choline Bitartrate 2.5
Vitamin K, menadione sodium bisulfite 0.05
Folic Acid 0.018
TBHQ, antioxidant 0.02
Pink Food Color 0.1
公式 克/公斤
L-丙氨酸 3.5
L-精氨酸盐酸盐 12.1
L-天冬酰胺 6
L-天冬氨酸 3.5
L-胱氨酸 3.5
L-谷氨酸 40
甘氨酸 23.3
L-组氨酸盐酸盐，一水合物 4.5
L-异亮氨酸 8.2
L-亮氨酸 11.1
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 18
L-蛋氨酸 3.3
L-苯丙氨酸 7.5
L-脯氨酸 3.5
L-丝氨酸 3.5
L-苏氨酸 8.2
L-色氨酸 1.8
L-酪氨酸 5
L-缬氨酸 8.2
蔗糖 349.412
玉米淀粉 150
麦芽糊精 150
豆油 80
纤维素 30
矿物混合物，AIN-93M-MX (94049) 35
磷酸钙，一碱基，一水合物 8.2
琥珀酰磺胺噻唑 10
维生素混合物，AIN-93-VX (94047) 10
胆碱酒石酸氢盐 2.5
维生素 K、甲萘醌亚硫酸氢钠 0.05
叶酸 0.018
TBHQ，抗氧化剂 0.02
粉红色食物颜色 0.1

Footnote

This is a modification of TD.01369, containing 3.3 g/kg methionine, 1% succinylsulfathiazole, and approx. 20 mg/kg folic acid. Color coded pink.

脚注

这是 TD.01369 的改良版，含有 3.3 g/kg 蛋氨酸、1% 琥珀酰磺胺噻唑和约 20毫克/公斤叶酸。 颜色编码粉红色。

+ Amino Acid Defined Diet

+ Folic Acid Supplemented

+ Methionine Adjusted

+ Succinylsulfathiazole

+ 氨基酸 定义的饮食

+ 补充叶酸

+ 蛋氨酸调整

+ 琥珀酰磺胺噻唑
Selected Nutrient Information1
% by weight % kcal from
Protein CHO

Fat

 15.1

64.4

8.0

 15.5

66.1

18.5
Kcal/g 3.9

1 Calculated values

2 Protein based on N x 6.25

Teklad Diets are designed & manufactured for research purposes only.

非酒精性脂肪肝NAFLD动物模型的多种饮食诱导方案

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非酒精性脂肪肝NAFLD动物模型的多种饮食诱导方案

非酒精性脂肪肝疾病（NAFLD）和酒精性肝病（ALD）是慢性肝病中最主要的两种。NAFLD包括一系列病变，从肝脂肪变性到炎症，在没有大量饮酒的情况下，伴有或不伴有纤维化。

  适用于研究NAFLD的动物模型有新西兰兔、大鼠、小鼠，其中大鼠和小鼠比较常见。本文介绍几种由不同饮食诱导的大小鼠NAFLD模型。

饮食诱导模型

相似于人类NAFLD的代谢紊乱，以营养过剩为基础的动物模型可以模拟肝脏的组织学特征。饮食诱导的NAFLD动物模型主要基于高脂、高糖等饮食结构，这些动物模型通常包括一种或多种饮食模式组合，可诱发单纯性脂肪变性和脂肪性肝炎。

1.高脂饮食：高脂饮食的脂肪供能占比通常在45-70kcal%，造模周期为8-10周，实验动物包括C57BL/6小鼠、BALB/c小鼠、SD大鼠、Lewis大鼠、Wistar大鼠，其中大鼠更容易被高脂饮食诱导。

高脂饲料诱导大鼠构建NAFLD模型

非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）包含了一系列的疾病发展阶段，从一般脂肪变性进展到脂肪变性与炎症并发的非酒精性脂肪肝炎（NASH），随后进展为肝纤维化、肝硬化和肝癌。大多数肥胖的成年人有脂肪肝型态，他们的患病率达到30%以上，因此，NAFLD的患病率会随着肥胖率的升高而升高。

为研究NAFLD的发病机制并找出治疗方法，建立动物模型是至关重要的一步。科研人员大多利用高脂饲料诱导大鼠建立NAFLD模型，但近几年建立的NAFLD动物模型所采用的高脂饲料配方、建模周期均不一致，在研究方面具有不同的参考价值。本文对多种高脂饲料诱导大鼠建立NAFLD模型的方法进行总结，如有疑问，欢迎与我们的技术团队讨论。

饲养环境

环境是饲养实验动物的必要条件之一，对于实验动物的成活率有着很大的影响，在相关论文中对温度和湿度几乎都有详细叙述，并强调了它的重要性。考虑到NAFLD模型对环境并无特殊要求，所以科研人员一般采取了22±2℃，湿度50%-60%，12小时循环照明的普通饲养环境。

不过值得注意的是，大鼠对于环境的变化很敏感，因此要保证饲养环境各项指标的稳定。同时由于高脂饲料的缘故，大鼠的排泄物异味更重，需要及时更换垫料，饲料和饮水也需要灭菌处理，以免对实验造成不必要的影响。

实验大鼠的选择

作为实验的受体，大鼠的选择十分重要，这不仅关系到实验成本，也决定了建模的质量及周期。

清洁级别

对于大鼠的清洁级别选择，综合多篇参考文献，即便使用普通动物，对实验结果也没有明显影响，但考虑到降低大鼠死亡率和实验成本，清洁级别越高的大鼠无疑是越好的。

种类选择

对于实验大鼠的选择主要有Wistar大鼠和SD大鼠。其中SD大鼠相对发育更快，适应能力更强，更利于建模；缺点是价格较高，性格更凶猛。综合考虑，我们认为SD大鼠仍然是更好的选择，但如果预算较少也可以选择前者。

性别选择

在查阅参考的十多篇文献中，科研人员无一例外的选择了雄性大鼠。由于成年的雌性动物代谢存在着明显的周期性，这可能会对实验造成影响，所以在大部分实验中，科研人员更倾向于选择雄性大鼠进行实验。

体重选择

成年大鼠的体重可达300g，考虑到实验时间一般为8-12周，我们认为选取5-6周，即120g-200g的大鼠比较合适。值得注意的是，大鼠之间的体重差异必须小于10%，以免引入无关的变量，对实验结果造成干扰。

高脂饲料配方

高脂饲料的配方无疑是NAFLD建模最关键的因素之一，合适的高脂饲料可以实现低死亡率低，快速建立模型的目标。以下我们将对于高脂饲料的配方进行详细探讨。

猪油含量

猪油含量是高脂饲料的核心，更高的猪油含量可以快速建立NAFLD模型，但会影响大鼠食欲及死亡率；猪油含量过低则会造成建模周期长，症状不明显。在《高脂血症非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠模型的建立》中，科研人员虽然采用了42%猪油含量的高脂饲料在第8周建模成功，但个人认为并不可取，因为如此高的猪油含量会大幅度提高大鼠死亡率。我们建议使用10%猪油含量的高脂饲料，可以在12-16周得到症状较明显的NAFLD模型，而且在环境适宜的情况下，通常不会有大鼠死亡。如果要缩短建模周期，可以适当提高猪油含量，但需要加入其它物质来促进吸收。

其它物质

由于高脂饲料在适口性方面不如常规饲料，会导致大鼠采食量下降，在一些实验中甚至出现了实验组大鼠体重低于对照组的情况。所以很多研究人员在高脂饲料中添加了胆盐（1%），以提高大鼠食欲，促进消化吸收。同时也可以在饲料中添加胆固醇（1%-5%），以促进脂肪肝的形成，缩短建模周期。

建模周期

建模周期和许多因素相关，不能一概而论。例如高脂饲料中的猪油含量对建模周期的影响就非常大。以下我们将讨论使用10%猪油含量饲料前提下所需的建模周期。

在《高脂饮食诱导肥胖与肥胖抵抗型非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠模型的建立》中，研究人员在8周停止建模，解剖大鼠，表明建模成功，但症状较轻，大部分大鼠处于轻度和中度肝炎。而上文提到的研究中，建模时间长达16周，但症状明显，大部分大鼠处于中度和重度肝炎。综上所述，可以证明12-16周是比较合适的建模周期，具体时间可结合需要选择。

木棒磨牙

在《非酒精性脂肪肝动物模型的建立与思考》中，科研人员考虑到高脂饲料质地偏软，所以为实验组大鼠提供了木棒磨牙，结果确实提高了大鼠存活率，体重也是实验组高于对照组的理想状况。

剔除肥胖基因抵抗大鼠

《高脂饮食诱导肥胖与肥胖抵抗型非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠模型的建立》一文中探讨了肥胖抵抗基因大鼠对于建立NAFLD模型的影响。实验结果表明，在同样的饲养条件下，肥胖抵抗基因大鼠的症状确实轻于普通大鼠，这不利于NAFLD模型的建立，所以在实验前应当将其剔除。

总结

高脂饲料诱导大鼠建立NAFLD模型，应选择120-200g的雄性SD大鼠，剔除肥胖抵抗基因大鼠；环境温度应控制在22℃左右，湿度50%-60%；喂养10%猪油含量的高脂饲料，可添加胆盐和胆固醇，在12-16周基本可以建模成功。

2.高胆固醇饮食：含1.25%胆固醇和0.5%胆酸盐的饮食可诱导脂肪变性、炎症和纤维化形成；

3.蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏（MCD）饮食：MCD饮食中蔗糖含量高，脂肪含量适中，但缺乏蛋氨酸和胆碱，它们是肝脏氧化和产生低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)的必要营养素；

蛋氨酸、胆碱联合缺乏饲料(MCD)(MCD: methionine- and choline deficient diet)也称做MCDD,是在脂肪代谢、高脂血症的研究非酒精性脂肪肝病模型,甲基化模型肿瘤模型等疾病模型的造模中经常用到的一款饲料。

蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏模型饲料（AIN-76）

经典MCD饲料
通常我们所见到的没有做特殊说明的MCD饲料都是经典MCD饲料。
这款饲料基于Ain-76标准，10%脂肪含量，蛋氨酸。胆碱不添加，含量基本为0。
一般多用于非酒精性脂肪肝炎(NASH)）及后期的肝纤维化、肝硬化方面的造模。
经典MCD饲料在饲喂大、小鼠时，反应相当剧烈，实验鼠体重会持续下降，且不发生胰岛素抵抗。死亡率大大增加。
这与其它方法诱导的非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD)大、小鼠模型有显著的不一样,同时也与人类典型的非酒精性脂肪肝炎(NASH)）患者情况相反，人类的非酒精性脂肪肝炎(NASH)患者不但会产生肥胖而且对胰岛素抵抗。
非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)(不推荐)
造模周期:2-4周
饲喂方式:自由采食
储存方式:4摄氏度冷藏或-20摄氏度冷冻，避光
对照组:MCs (MCD同源配方,增加蛋氨酸和胆碱)
小贴士:部分MCD饲料在储存时没有做冷藏避光处理，会随着时间越来越黑(避光冷藏会减缓》，这是一种称为美拉德反应的效果，实际不影响造模效果。
非酒精性脂肪肝炎(NASH)
造模周期:5-8周
饲喂方式:自由采食
储存方式:4摄氏度冷藏或-20摄氏度冷冻,避光
对照组:McS (MCD同源配方,增加蛋氨酸和胆碱)
小贴士:部分MCD饲料在储存时没有做冷藏避光处理，会随着时间越来越黑(避光冷藏会减缓)，这是一种称为美拉德反应的效果，实际不影响造模效果。

蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏（MCD）饲料普遍应用于脂肪代谢、高脂血症的研究，是构建非酒精性脂肪肝模型、甲基化模型、肿瘤模型的常用饲料。

适用动物：实验大/小鼠（C57、ICR、BALB/C、SD等常见品系）

适用周龄：3-4周离乳即可（若有特殊实验目的，可根据实际情况选取不同周龄的大/小鼠）

产品形状：棒状颗粒（如有特殊需求可以提供粉料等）

储存方式：4℃冷藏（建议）或常温

建议采购量：小鼠按照5克/只/天计算、大鼠按照25克/只/天计算

4.胆碱缺乏性氨基酸（CDAA）饮食：与MCD饮食相似，因为它们都缺乏胆碱。不同之处在于，L-氨基酸的混合物取代了等价相应的蛋白质。

Harlan teklad-Harlan动物饲料

发表于由

Harlan teklad-Harlan动物饲料

Harlan teklad（Envigo）提供常见的高脂饲料,维生素缺乏饲料,氨基酸缺乏饲料,矿物质缺乏/调比饲料,DDC饲料,TAM饲料等，欢迎访问Harlan teklad（Envigo）官网或者咨询我们获取相关饲料的报价成分使用说明等产品信息。

Harlan teklad代理

货号 英文名称 中文名称
TD.88137 Adjusted calories diet(42% from fat) 调整热量饮食（42% 来自脂肪）
TD.160153 Ketogenic 93M Diet 生酮93M饮食
TD.88137 Adjusted calories diet(42% from fat) 调整热量饮食（42% 来自脂肪）
TD.150300 Control Diet (Crisco, CO, 0.0734 g/Kg TBHQ) 控制饮食（Crisco，CO，0.0734 g/Kg TBHQ）
TD.120528 42% Kcal/Fat Diet (Incr. Sucrose, 1.25% Chol.) 42% 大卡/脂肪饮食（增加蔗糖，1.25% 胆汁。）
TD.07797 Ketogenic Diet (6:1) 生酮饮食 (6:1)

Harlan TD.01369 叶酸控制饮食 Folic Acid Control Diet (3.3 Met., S)

发表于由

Harlan TD.01369 叶酸控制饮食 Folic Acid Control Diet (3.3 Met., S)

Formula g/Kg
L-Alanine 3.5
L-Arginine HCl 12.1
L-Asparagine 6.0
L-Aspartic Acid 3.5
L-Cystine 3.5
L-Glutamic Acid 40.0
Glycine 23.3
L-Histidine HCl, monohydrate 4.5
L-Isoleucine 8.2
L-Leucine 11.1
L-Lysine HCl 18.0
L-Methionine 3.3
L-Phenylalanine 7.5
L-Proline 3.5
L-Serine 3.5
L-Threonine 8.2
L-Tryptophan 1.8
L-Tyrosine 5.0
L-Valine 8.2
Sucrose 349.53
Corn Starch 150.0
Maltodextrin 150.0
Soybean Oil 80.0
Cellulose 30.0
Mineral Mix, AIN-93M-MX (94049) 35.0
Calcium Phosphate, monobasic, monohydrate 8.2
Succinylsulfathiazole 10.0
Vitamin Mix, AIN-93-VX (94047) 10.0
Choline Bitartrate 2.5
Vitamin K, menadione sodium bisulfite 0.05
TBHQ, antioxidant 0.02

配方克/公斤
L-丙氨酸 3.5
L-精氨酸盐酸盐 12.1
L-天冬酰胺 6.0
L-天冬氨酸 3.5
L-胱氨酸 3.5
L-谷氨酸 40.0
甘氨酸 23.3
L-组氨酸盐酸盐，一水合物 4.5
L-异亮氨酸 8.2
L-亮氨酸 11.1
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 18.0
L-蛋氨酸 3.3
L-苯丙氨酸 7.5
L-脯氨酸 3.5
L-丝氨酸 3.5
L-苏氨酸 8.2
L-色氨酸 1.8
L-酪氨酸 5.0
L-缬氨酸 8.2
蔗糖 349.53
玉米淀粉 150.0
麦芽糊精 150.0
豆油 80.0
纤维素 30.0
矿物混合物，AIN-93M-MX (94049) 35.0
一水合磷酸二氢钙 8.2
琥珀酰磺胺噻唑 10.0
维生素混合物，AIN-93-VX (94047) 10.0
胆碱酒石酸氢盐 2.5
维生素 K、甲萘醌 亚硫酸氢钠 0.05
TBHQ，抗氧剂 0.02

Footnote
This is a modification of TD.99366, containing 3.3 g/kg methionine, 1% succinylsulfathiazole, and approx. 2 mg/kg folic acid.

这是 TD.99366 的改良版，含有 3.3 g/kg 蛋氨酸、1% 琥珀酰磺胺噻唑和约 2毫克/公斤叶酸。

Key Features
+ Amino Acid Defined Diet

+ Folic Acid

+ Methionine

+ Succinylsulfathiazole

主要特征
+ 氨基酸定义饮食
+ 叶酸
+ 蛋氨酸
+ 琥珀酰磺胺噻唑

Harlan 1.5% 含磷饮食1.5% Phosphorus Diet TD.03625

发表于由

Harlan 1.5% 含磷饮食1.5% Phosphorus Diet TD.03625

Egg White Solids, spray-dried 200
L-Tryptophan 1.6
Corn Starch 150
Sucrose 512.767
Corn Oil 50
Vitamin Mix, Teklad (40060) 10
Biotin 0.004
Mineral Mix, Ca-P Deficient (79055) 13.369
Calcium Phosphate, monobasic, monohydrate 36.73
Sodium Phosphate, monobasic, monohydrate 12.85
Potassium Phosphate, monobasic 12.68

 

蛋清固体，喷雾干燥 200
L-色氨酸 1.6
玉米淀粉 150
蔗糖 512.767
玉米油 50
维生素混合物，Teklad (40060) 10
生物素 0.004
矿物质混合物，缺乏钙磷 (79055) 13.369
一水合磷酸二氢钙 36.73
一水合磷酸二氢钠 12.85
磷酸二氢钾 12.68

Footnote
This is a modification of TD.80235 (P defic.) to add 1.5% P from a combination of calcium, sodium, and potassium phosphate salts. Approx. levels of Ca – 0.6%, Na – 0.6%, and K – 1%.

这是对 TD.80235 (P defic.) 的修改，从磷酸钙盐、钠盐和磷酸钾盐的组合中添加 1.5% P。 大约。 Ca – 0.6%、Na – 0.6% 和 K – 1% 的含量。
Selected Nutrient Information1
% by weight % kcal from
Protein 16.3

Carbohydrate 65.2

Fat 5.0

 17.5

70.3

12.1
Kcal/g 3.7

1 Values are calculated from ingredient analysis or manufacturer data

Harlan 啮齿动物饲料 Rodent diets

发表于由

Harlan 啮齿动物饲料 Rodent diets

Harlan Teklad动物饲料
欢迎新老客户访问Harlan官网或者咨询上海金畔生物获取更多详细资料。

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  • Teklad laboratory animal diets +
  • Standard natural ingredient diets +
  • Rodent diets

Rodent diets

Rodent diets

As a researcher, you want to have as much control as possible over what goes into your study animals. At Envigo, we understand that. That is why we developed Teklad Global Rodent Diets® .

Teklad Global Rodent Diets® are a special integrated range of vegetarian laboratory rodent diets developed to be nutritionally complete for various life stages from breeding through long-term maintenance. Global rodent laboratory diets contain levels of protein, energy, vitamins and minerals that are more appropriate to the needs of modern biomedical research studies.

作为一名研究人员，您希望尽可能多地控制进入您的研究动物的内容。 在 Envigo，我们明白这一点。 这就是我们开发 Teklad Global Rodent Diets® 的原因。

Teklad Global Rodent Diets® 是一种特殊的综合素食实验室啮齿动物饮食系列，旨在为从繁殖到长期维持的各个生命阶段提供营养完整的食物。 全球啮齿动物实验室饮食含有更适合现代生物医学研究需求的蛋白质、能量、维生素和矿物质水平。

order today

18301939375

Furthermore, in global rodent diets particular attention has been placed on avoiding, as far as practical, ingredients that are reported to have adverse confounding effects on experimental results. This has resulted in a range of Teklad rodent laboratory diets that contain:

  • No fish meal
  • No meat meals or meat by-products
  • No alfalfa meal
  • No soybean meal or reduced levels
  • No animal fat

By excluding animal by-products, the presence of nitrosamines (a potential carcinogen) is avoided. Exclusion of alfalfa meal reduces chlorophyll, improving optical imaging clarity. Reduction or removal of soybean meal, together with elimination of alfalfa meal, minimizes levels of naturally-occurring phytoestrogens. Phytoestrogens interact with endogenous estrogens and potentially can affect studies in many research areas. Read more about this in these pieces:

通过排除动物副产品，避免了亚硝胺（一种潜在的致癌物质）的存在。 苜蓿粉的排除减少了叶绿素，提高了光学成像的清晰度。 减少或去除豆粕，同时去除苜蓿粉，可以最大限度地减少天然植物雌激素的含量。 植物雌激素与内源性雌激素相互作用，并可能影响许多研究领域的研究。 在这些文章中阅读更多相关信息：

膳食植物雌激素，研究变化的来源
询问营养师系列：植物雌激素对研究的影响，第 1 卷

植物雌激素限制了将临床前结果转化为临床结果
询问营养师系列：植物雌激素对研究的影响，第 2 卷

Products

Teklad rodent diets Non-autoclavable form Autoclavable Irradiated
Teklad global 14% protein 2014, 2014C 2914
Teklad global 16% protein 2016, 2016C 2916
Teklad global 18% protein 2018, 2018C 2018S, 2018SX 2918
Teklad global 19% protein extruded 2019 2019S 2919
Teklad global soy protein-free extruded 2020X 2020SX 2920X
Traditional diets see more see more see more

Not all products are stocked locally; extended lead time and additional fees may apply.
Many diets are available in certified format designated by a “C” following the product code. When diets are certified a representative sample is tested for a panel of contaminants. If not stocked as certified, certification can be made available upon request. Minimum order size and additional charges may apply.

Traditional rodent diets were formulated decades ago based on understanding of rodent nutrition, ingredients, and diet manufacturing at the time. While traditional diets will supply the known nutrient needs of your laboratory animals, we recommend you consider the use of a diet from our newer global diet line for your modern research needs.

Teklad Global Rodent Diets® are modern formulas designed to reduce research variables. Specifically, these diets contain more appropriate nutrient levels, and limit or exclude ingredients that are reported to have effects on a wide variety of research endpoints.

  • Lower, more appropriate protein levels can improve survival and reduce morbidity
  • Vegetarian with no nitrosamines (a potential carcinogen)
  • Formulated to exclude alfalfa meal, greatly improving fluorescent imaging clarity
  • Formulated to exclude or lower soybean meal, thus minimizing the presence of isoflavones, the primary type of phytoestrogen found in lab animal diets
  • Extruded rodent diets dramatically reduce clumping and hardness after autoclaving (2018SX , 2019S , 2020SX ), and in general result in less diet waste and cleaner cages

Teklad rodent diets are natural-ingredient diets specifically formulated to provide the proper balance of all known nutrients considered essential for the growth, maintenance, and reproduction of rats, mice, gerbils and hamsters. These diets conform to the nutrient requirements for rodents established by the National Research Council (1995).

Teklad rodent diets provide uniform nutrition. They are fixed-formula diets designed to minimize the nutrient variances which otherwise could occur if the ingredient composition of a diet were altered from one batch to the next.

Protein is supplied primarily by plant sources. Supplemental amino acids are added to provide the proper amount and balance of essential amino acids. All rodent diets are fortified with vitamins and minerals to help support the regulation of body fluids and the proper functioning of body systems to ensure the adequate growth, maintenance, and reproduction of research rodents. Autoclavable diets are supplemented with additional vitamins to compensate for losses that occur during autoclaving. Since our diets are nutritionally complete and balanced, it is not necessary to add dietary supplements.

There is no definitive point where one is able to predict when a specific diet will spoil or become deficient in one or more nutrients. The common guideline of a six month shelf life is based on longstanding practice in North America. In Europe and Asia, differences in local practices and regulatory oversight have led to Teklad standard natural ingredient diets being routinely used out to nine months and sometimes 12 months post-manufacture. This practical experience, along with literature support and vitamin testing over time, gives us confidence that these diets continue to support animal health and study integrity out to at least nine months post-manufacture. Please refer to your institution for guidance if you are unsure of local policies.

Recommended storage conditions:

  • Cool and dry; at or below 70 degrees fahrenheit with humidity ideally below 50%, but up to 65% is acceptable
  • Clean and free of pests
  • In original packaging or in a container that prevents continuous exposure to light and minimal exposure to air

Standard natural ingredient rodent diets are complete diets for rats, mice, gerbils and hamsters, that should be allowed ad libitum access to the diet. Fresh water should be available at all times.

并非所有产品都在当地备货；可能需要延长交货时间和额外费用。
许多饮食都可以通过产品代码后面的“C”指定的认证格式获得。当日粮获得认证时，会针对一组污染物对代表性样本进行测试。如果库存没有经过认证，可根据要求提供认证。最小订单量和额外费用可能适用。

传统的啮齿动物饮食是几十年前基于对当时啮齿动物营养、成分和饮食制造的了解而制定的。虽然传统饮食将满足您的实验动物已知的营养需求，但我们建议您考虑使用我们更新的全球饮食系列中的饮食来满足您的现代研究需求。

Teklad Global Rodent Diets® 是现代配方，旨在减少研究变量。具体来说，这些饮食含有更适当的营养水平，并限制或排除据报道对各种研究终点有影响的成分。

更低、更合适的蛋白质水平可以提高生存率并降低发病率
不含亚硝胺（潜在致癌物）的素食主义者
配方可排除苜蓿粉，大大提高荧光成像清晰度
配方可排除或减少豆粕，从而最大限度地减少异黄酮的存在，异黄酮是实验室动物饮食中发现的主要植物雌激素类型
膨化啮齿动物饲料可显着减少高压灭菌后的结块和硬度（2018SX、2019S、2020SX），通常会减少饲料浪费和清洁笼子
Teklad 啮齿动物饲料是一种天然成分的饲料，专门配制用于提供所有已知营养素的适当平衡，这些营养素被认为对大鼠、小鼠、沙鼠和仓鼠的生长、维持和繁殖至关重要。这些饮食符合国家研究委员会 (1995) 制定的啮齿动物的营养需求。

Teklad 啮齿动物饮食提供均匀的营养。它们是固定配方的饮食，旨在最大限度地减少营养差异，否则如果饮食的成分组成从一批更改为下一批，则可能发生这种情况。

蛋白质主要由植物来源提供。添加补充氨基酸以提供适量和平衡的必需氨基酸。所有啮齿动物的饮食都含有维生素和矿物质，以帮助支持体液的调节和身体系统的正常运作，以确保研究啮齿动物的充分生长、维持和繁殖。可高压灭菌的饮食补充了额外的维生素，以补偿高压灭菌期间发生的损失。由于我们的饮食营养完整且均衡，因此没有必要添加膳食补充剂。

没有明确的点可以预测特定饮食何时会变质或缺乏一种或多种营养素。六个月保质期的通用准则基于北美的长期实践。在欧洲和亚洲，当地实践和监管监督的差异导致 Teklad 标准天然成分饮食通常在生产后 9 个月，有时甚至 12 个月内使用。这种实践经验，加上文献支持和维生素测试，让我们相信这些饮食在生产后至少 9 个月内继续支持动物健康和研究完整性。如果您不确定当地政策，请咨询您的机构以获得指导。

推荐的储存条件：

凉爽干燥；在华氏 70 度或以下，湿度理想地低于 50%，但最高 65% 是可以接受的
干净无害虫
在原包装或容器中，以防止持续暴露在光线下并尽量减少暴露在空气中
标准的天然成分啮齿动物饮食是大鼠、小鼠、沙鼠和仓鼠的完整饮食，应允许随意获取饮食。淡水应随时可用。

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Rodent diets

图片仅供参考,请以实物为准。
若本网站没有及时更新，请大家谅解！
正文中列出的所有试剂只能用于测试或研究，不能作为”药品”，”食品”，”家庭用品”等使用。
我司所销售的化学试剂、原料等所有产品（包括但不限于抗生素类、蛋白质类、试剂盒类产品等）仅限用于科学研究用途，不得作用于人体。

Harlan 定制饲料成分 Custom diet ingredients

发表于由

Harlan 定制饲料成分 Custom diet ingredients

Harlan Teklad动物饲料
欢迎新老客户访问Harlan官网或者咨询上海金畔生物获取更多详细资料。

  • Home +
  • Teklad diet, bedding and enrichment +
  • Teklad laboratory animal diets +
  • Custom research diets +
  • Diet ingredients

Diet ingredients

Custom diet ingredients

You may want to prepare your own diet at your research site or facility, and if that is the case, you depend on the ingredients being of the highest quality. Envigo can provide you with many of the same ingredients used to produce our advanced Teklad custom research diets so you can develop your own formula. And as always, our nutritional experts are here to help you make the best decisions for your ingredients and ultimate formulation.

您可能想在您的研究地点或设施中准备自己的饮食，如果是这种情况，您取决于最高质量的成分。 Envigo 可以为您提供许多用于生产我们先进的 Teklad 定制研究饮食的相同成分，因此您可以开发自己的配方。 与往常一样，我们的营养专家会帮助您为您的成分和最终配方做出最佳决策。

Our ingredients

We offer several ingredients for individual sale so that you can develop your own blends.

我们的成分

我们提供多种成分供单独销售，以便您开发自己的混合物。

“VFT” casein

  • “Vitamin-free” test casein (alcohol-extracted) is best suited for purified test diet formulas where fat or vitamin content needs to be precisely controlled
  • The reduced levels of many vitamins in VFT casein make it the preferred protein source for many vitamin studies. Thus, the nickname “Vitamin-free” was given to the extracted casein many years ago

Vitamin mixes

  • The common vitamin mixes shown below use sucrose or corn starch as a carrier
  • Customized vitamin mixes may use cellulose if a non-nutritive carrier is necessary
  • Vitamin mixes are formulated with a diet inclusion rate in mind. Using more or less than recommended could impair the health of your laboratory animal
  • For those preparing their own diets, vitamin premixes are an efficient way to add vitamins to a diet
  • Vitamin mixes should be stored at 4 degrees celsius or lower upon receipt. Storage at –20 degrees celsius is recommended if the mix will be used beyond 1 month
  • Minimum order is 500 g for both stock and custom vitamin mixes
  • Our available vitamin mixes are commonly used in diets, and are available from stock
  • Vitamin mixes are shipped within a few days of order

“VFT”酪蛋白

“无维生素”测试酪蛋白（酒精提取）最适合需要精确控制脂肪或维生素含量的纯化测试饮食配方
VFT 酪蛋白中许多维生素的含量降低，使其成为许多维生素研究的首选蛋白质来源。因此，多年前提取的酪蛋白被称为“无维生素”
维生素混合物

下面显示的常见维生素混合物使用蔗糖或玉米淀粉作为载体
如果需要非营养载体，定制的维生素混合物可以使用纤维素
维生素混合物的配制考虑了饮食的包含率。使用多于或少于推荐量可能会损害您的实验动物的健康
对于那些准备自己的饮食的人来说，维生素预混料是一种在饮食中添加维生素的有效方法
维生素混合物在收到时应储存在 4 摄氏度或更低温度下。如果混合物的使用时间超过 1 个月，建议在 –20 摄氏度下储存
库存和定制维生素混合物的最低订购量为 500 克
我们提供的维生素混合物常用于饮食，并且有现货供应
维生素混合物在订购后几天内发货

Our Formula examples

我们的公式示例

CA.40060 Teklad 维生素混合物
CA.40077 AIN-76A 维生素混合物
TD.94047 AIN-93 维生素混合物

Mineral mixes

  • The common mineral mixes shown below as examples use sucrose as a carrier
  • Customized mineral mixes could use cellulose or no carrier if a non-nutritive carrier is necessary
  • Our mineral mixes are formulated with a diet inclusion rate in mind. Using more or less than recommended could impair the health of the animal
  • For those preparing their own diets, mineral premixes are an efficient way to add minerals to a diet
  • Mineral mixes should be stored in a dry cool environment and used within a year of receipt. The minimum order is 500 g for both stock and custom mineral mixes
  • These mineral mixes are commonly used in diets, and are available from stock
  • Our mineral mixes are shipped within a few days of order

矿物混合物

下面作为示例显示的常见矿物混合物使用蔗糖作为载体
如果需要非营养载体，定制的矿物混合物可以使用纤维素或不使用载体
我们的矿物质混合物在配制时考虑了饮食包含率。 使用多于或少于推荐量可能会损害动物的健康
对于那些准备自己的饮食的人来说，矿物质预混料是一种在饮食中添加矿物质的有效方法
矿物混合物应储存在干燥凉爽的环境中，并在收到后一年内使用。 库存和定制矿物混合物的最低订购量为 500 克
这些矿物质混合物常用于饮食，并且有现货供应
我们的矿物混合物在订购后的几天内发货

Formula examples:

Other mixes (may or may not be available from stock):

  • TD.83171      Vitamin mix without A, D, E, choline
  • TD.81062      Iron deficient mineral mix based on AIN-76A
  • TD.79055      Calcium and phosphorus deficient mineral mixed based on AIN-76
  • TD.98057      Calcium and phosphorus deficient mineral mixed based on AIN-93
  • CA.170760    Rogers-Harper mineral mix

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Custom diet ingredients

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Harlan 维生素调整饮食Vitamin adjusted diets

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Harlan 维生素调整饮食Vitamin adjusted diets

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Vitamin adjusted diets

Vitamin adjusted diets

A few vitamin adjusted formulas are shown below. Please contact us for additional formulas of this nature or for more information about altering the vitamin profile of a diet, and please read below to learn more.

一些维生素调整配方如下所示。 请联系我们以获取此类性质的其他配方或有关改变饮食中维生素成分的更多信息，请阅读以下内容以了解更多信息。

Formula Examples:

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Most vitamin deficient diets use vitamin-free test casein (VFT casein) as the protein source. VFT casein is casein that has been extracted with denatured alcohol to reduce the fat content from about 1% to 0.1%. In the process the content of a number of vitamins (present at low or trace levels in casein) is further reduced, making this an ideal protein source for these types of diets. Envigo produces our own VFT in-house, and we also offer this as an ingredient for those mixing their own diets.

From this vitamin deficient base, various levels of vitamins can be added back. Many formulas adjust multiple vitamins, and other nutrients.

If use of an intact protein source is not advisable, an amino acid defined diet can be used.

Contact us for other formula examples or to discuss your specific needs.

大多数缺乏维生素的饮食使用不含维生素的测试酪蛋白（VFT 酪蛋白）作为蛋白质来源。 VFT酪蛋白是用变性酒精提取的酪蛋白，将脂肪含量从1%左右降低到0.1%。 在此过程中，多种维生素（酪蛋白中含量较低或微量）的含量进一步降低，使其成为这类饮食的理想蛋白质来源。 Envigo 在内部生产我们自己的 VFT，我们还为那些混合他们自己的饮食的人提供这种成分。

从这种维生素缺乏的基础上，可以补充各种水平的维生素。 许多配方调整多种维生素和其他营养素。

如果不建议使用完整的蛋白质来源，则可以使用氨基酸确定的饮食。

联系我们获取其他配方示例或讨论您的特定需求。

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Vitamin adjusted diets

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Harlan 矿物质调整饮食Mineral adjusted diets

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Harlan 矿物质调整饮食Mineral adjusted diets

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Mineral adjusted diets

Mineral adjusted diets

A few mineral adjusted formulas are shown below. Please contact us for additional formulas of this nature or for more information about altering the mineral profile of a diet. Read below for more information.

一些矿物质调整配方如下所示。 请联系我们以获取此类性质的其他配方或有关改变饮食中矿物质成分的更多信息。 阅读下文了解更多信息。

Formula examples:

  • TD.80396       Iron deficient diet
  • TD.85419       Zinc deficient diet
  • TD.88239       Potassium deficient diet
  • TD.95027       Low calcium diet (0.4% P)
  • TD.96348       Diet (20% lactose, 2% Ca, 1.25% P)
  • TD.92163       Selenium deficient diet
  • TD.95125       Iodine deficient (0.15% PTU)

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Unique protein ingredients may be necessary to minimize background levels of certain minerals. Other steps taken to minimize background mineral contamination include the use of reagent grade minerals when necessary or omission of certain ingredients. Specialized mineral premixes may be used in these diets, or minerals are added individually to the diet in order to control the level of specific minerals.

With the exception of sodium, it is necessary to use refined ingredients to achieve the lowest possible levels of minerals in a diet.

From this mineral deficient base, various levels of minerals can be added back. Some formulas adjust multiple minerals, and other related nutrients.

Contact us to discuss other possibilities for the minerals listed above, and for those minerals not listed here.

可能需要独特的蛋白质成分来最小化某些矿物质的背景水平。 为尽量减少背景矿物质污染而采取的其他措施包括在必要时使用试剂级矿物质或省略某些成分。 这些饮食中可以使用专门的矿物质预混料，或者将矿物质单独添加到饮食中以控制特定矿物质的水平。

除钠外，有必要使用精制成分以使饮食中的矿物质含量尽可能低。

从这种矿物质缺乏的基础上，可以补充各种水平的矿物质。 一些配方调整多种矿物质和其他相关营养素。

联系我们讨论以上所列矿物以及此处未列出的矿物的其他可能性。

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Mineral adjusted diets

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Harlan蛋白质调整饮食 Protein adjusted diets

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Harlan蛋白质调整饮食 Protein adjusted diets

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Protein adjusted diets

Protein adjusted diets

A few protein adjusted formulas are shown below. Please contact us for additional formulas of this nature or for more information about altering the protein type or content of a diet.

一些蛋白质调整公式如下所示。 请联系我们以获取此类性质的其他配方或有关改变饮食中蛋白质类型或含量的更多信息。

Formula examples:

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These diet examples are from a series of diets with the following features: casein-based, isocaloric (3.8 kcal/g) and matched for fat (5.5%), calcium (0.7%), and phosphorus (0.54%). There are other diets available from this series of diets, as well as other unique protein adjusted diets.

Casein is the most widely used refined protein source, but it is also possible to use other refined protein sources, such as “vitamin-free” test casein (alcohol extracted), lactalbumin, isolated soy protein, and egg white solids. These particular protein sources are usually used to achieve a specific research objective, rather than for routine use. For instance, vitamin-free test casein is most appropriately used in vitamin deficient diets, and egg white solids is most suitable for zinc or biotin deficient diets.

Adjusted protein diets usually range from “protein-free” (trace) to 60% protein, depending on the research.

这些饮食示例来自一系列具有以下特点的饮食：以酪蛋白为基础、等热量 (3.8 kcal/g) 并与脂肪 (5.5%)、钙 (0.7%) 和磷 (0.54%) 相匹配。 这一系列饮食中还有其他饮食可供选择，以及其他独特的蛋白质调整饮食。

酪蛋白是最广泛使用的精制蛋白质来源，但也可以使用其他精制蛋白质来源，例如“无维生素”测试酪蛋白（酒精提取）、乳清蛋白、大豆分离蛋白和蛋清固体。 这些特定的蛋白质来源通常用于实现特定的研究目标，而不是常规使用。 例如，不含维生素的测试酪蛋白最适合用于缺乏维生素的饮食，而蛋清固体最适合用于缺乏锌或生物素的饮食。

调整后的蛋白质饮食通常范围从“无蛋白质”（微量）到 60% 的蛋白质，具体取决于研究。

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Protein adjusted diets

Teklad diet selector

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Harlan 氨基酸定制饲料 Amino acid defined

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Harlan 氨基酸定制饲料 Amino acid defined

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Amino acid defined

Amino acid defined

A few amino acid defined formulas are shown below. This type of diet is used when a diet needs to be deficient in one or more amino acids, or adjustments need to be made to specific amino acid levels.

一些氨基酸定义的公式如下所示。 当饮食需要缺乏一种或多种氨基酸或需要对特定氨基酸水平进行调整时，使用这种类型的饮食。

Formula examples:

  • TD.99366       Amino acid diet
  • TD.90262       Methionine and choline deficient diet
  • TD.00434       Folic acid deficient diet
  • TD.99386       No lysine AA diet

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Sometimes this type of diet is used to further reduce the background level of certain vitamins that are found in protein sources such as casein or vitamin-free (alcohol extracted) casein. Some folic acid deficient diets utilize this approach.

The amino acid profile for most amino acid defined diets is based on work by Harper and Rogers (J. Nutr. (1965) 87:267-276) and is not representative of the amino acid profile of an intact protein source such as casein. Other amino acid profiles can be specified. When an amino acid(s) is removed or reduced, isonitrogenous adjustment can be made if required.

有时，这种类型的饮食用于进一步降低蛋白质来源中某些维生素的背景水平，例如酪蛋白或无维生素（酒精提取）酪蛋白。 一些缺乏叶酸的饮食采用这种方法。

大多数氨基酸确定饮食的氨基酸谱基于 Harper 和 Rogers 的工作 (J. Nutr. (1965) 87:267-276)，并不代表完整蛋白质来源（如酪蛋白）的氨基酸谱。 可以指定其他氨基酸谱。 当一个或多个氨基酸被去除或减少时，如果需要，可以进行等氮调节。

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Amino acid defined

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Harlan脂肪/脂质调整饲料 Fat/lipid adjusted

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Harlan脂肪/脂质调整饲料 Fat/lipid adjusted

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Fat/lipid adjusted

Fat/lipid adjusted

There are numerous possibilities in adjusting both the level and source of fat in a diet. If your primary interest is inducing atherosclerosis or obesity, additional information can be found on our Teklad atherogenic and diet induced obesity (DIO) diet pages. Depending on your research goals and level of desired fat supplementation, fats can be added to a standard natural ingredient diet or a purified diet.

Purified ingredients are refined to the point of chemical simplicity and allow for extreme fat levels such as no fat diet TD.03314 or very high fat ketogenic diet TD.96355 . Unless adjustments are made to the level of fiber, diets with high fat levels will have a greater caloric density since fat contains 9 kcal/g versus 4 kcal/g for carbohydrate or protein. Animals are good at regulating caloric intake, therefore it is common to adjust other nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein) relative to energy content to account for differences in feed intake.

调整饮食中脂肪的水平和来源有很多可能性。 如果您的主要兴趣是诱发动脉粥样硬化或肥胖，可以在我们的 Teklad 致动脉粥样硬化和饮食诱导肥胖 (DIO) 饮食页面上找到更多信息。 根据您的研究目标和所需的脂肪补充水平，可以将脂肪添加到标准天然成分饮食或纯化饮食中。

纯化的成分经过精制，达到化学简单的程度，并允许极高的脂肪水平，例如无脂肪饮食 TD.03314 或非常高脂肪的生酮饮食 TD.96355。 除非对纤维水平进行调整，否则高脂肪饮食的热量密度会更高，因为脂肪含有 9 kcal/g，而碳水化合物或蛋白质为 4 kcal/g。 动物擅长调节热量摄入，因此通常会根据能量含量调整其他营养素（维生素、矿物质、蛋白质），以解决采食量的差异。

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Specific fats can be utilized as in this essential fatty acid deficient diet TD.84224 or to provide high levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fat from flaxseed or fish oil. Normally, 1-2% fat from plant sources like corn or soybean oil will supply sufficient levels of essential fatty acids. Additional fat provides energy and can influence palatability due to effects on taste and texture of the diet.

Mixtures of fats can be used to mimic a Western or Mediterranean diet fatty acid profile. Contact us for a table comparing the fatty acid composition of several stocked fat sources (solid fats, oils).

We also commonly work with customer supplied oils and purified fatty acids such as DHA and EPA. If you prefer to mix fat sources in your lab, ask about a basal mix. Basal mixes are supplied in powder form and often allow you to use one diet mix for creating several different diets.

If fat stability is a concern, contact a nutritionist to discuss options for diet drying, vacuum packaging, and synthetic antioxidant supplementation.

特定脂肪可用于这种缺乏必需脂肪酸的饮食 TD.84224，或从亚麻籽或鱼油中提供高水平的 omega-3 多不饱和脂肪。通常，来自植物来源（如玉米或大豆油）的 1-2% 脂肪将提供足够水平的必需脂肪酸。额外的脂肪提供能量，并且由于对饮食的味道和质地的影响而影响适口性。

脂肪混合物可用于模拟西方或地中海饮食的脂肪酸分布。请联系我们获取比较几种库存脂肪来源（固体脂肪、油）的脂肪酸组成的表格。

我们通常还使用客户提供的油和纯化脂肪酸，例如 DHA 和 EPA。如果您更喜欢在实验室中混合脂肪来源，请询问基础混合物。基础混合物以粉末形式提供，通常允许您使用一种饮食混合物来创建几种不同的饮食。

如果担心脂肪稳定性，请联系营养师讨论饮食干燥、真空包装和合成抗氧化剂补充剂的选择。

Example diets mentioned above

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Fat/lipid adjusted

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Harlan致动脉粥样硬化饲料 Atherogenic

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Harlan致动脉粥样硬化饲料 Atherogenic

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Atherogenic

Atherogenic

Diet can be a useful tool to induce or accelerate atherosclerosis in laboratory animal models. Key dietary features used to induce atherosclerosis in rodents vary depending on the research model, desired endpoint, and length of feeding. While formulations of atherogenic diets continue to evolve, the options that are well-described in the literature are summarized below. For more information on each diet option and literature references see the expandable tabs following the diet table.

在实验动物模型中，饮食可以成为诱导或加速动脉粥样硬化的有用工具。 用于诱发啮齿动物动脉粥样硬化的主要饮食特征因研究模型、所需终点和喂养时间长短而异。 虽然致动脉粥样硬化饮食的配方不断发展，但文献中充分描述的选项总结如下。 有关每种饮食选择和文献参考的更多信息，请参阅饮食表后面的可扩展选项卡。

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Research use Key dietary features Examples
“Western” purified atherogenic diet
Accelerated hypercholesterolemia and plaque formation in genetically modified models such as Apoe and Ldlr deficient mice.

Used for diet induced obesity in a variety of rodent models.
  • High fat diet (20 – 23% by weight; 40 – 45% kcal from fat)
  • Saturated fatty acids (SFA >60% of total fatty acids)
  • Milkfat/butterfat
  • Sucrose (34% by weight)
  • Cholesterol (0.2% total)
 TD.88137
TD.10885
“Western” purified atherogenic diet with added cholesterol and cholate source*
Induce hypercholesterolemia and mild atherosclerosis (foam cells, fatty streaks) in primarily wild type mice and rats.

Will not promote obesity.
  • High fat diet (15 – 20% by weight; 34 – 45% kcal from fat)
  • Saturated fatty acids (SFA >55% of total fatty acids)
  • Milkfat/butterfat, cocoa butter
  • Sucrose (30-50% by weight)
  • Cholesterol (1 – 1.25%)
  • Cholate Source (0.5%)*
 TD.02028
TD.09237
Hybrid high fat diets with added cholesterol and cholate source*
Induce hypercholesterolemia and mild atherosclerosis (foam cells, fatty streaks) in primarily wild type mice and rats.

Will not promote obesity.

Also used for lithogenic (gallstone) rodent studies.
  • 75% rodent breeder diet; 25% purified ingredients
  • High fat (~15% by weight; 37% kcal from fat)
  • Saturated fatty acids (SFA >45% of total fatty acids)
  • Cholesterol (1.25%)
  • Cholate source (0.5%)*
 TD.88051
TD.90221
Standard diets with added cholesterol
Induce hypercholesterolemia in genetically modified and wild type models without promoting obesity.
  • Standard, grain-based rodent diet
  • Minimal/moderate phytoestrogen diets recommended
  • Cholesterol (1 – 4%)
 TD.120097
TD.07841
TD.01383

*Sodium cholate or cholic acid aid cholesterol and fat absorption and reduce cholesterol disposal via bile acid synthesis. However, if including a cholate source is not desired for your research, diets without cholate are available.

*胆酸钠或胆酸有助于胆固醇和脂肪的吸收，并通过胆汁酸合成减少胆固醇的排放。 但是，如果您的研究不需要包含胆酸盐来源，则可以使用不含胆酸盐的饮食。

“Western” purified atherogenic diet

“Western” style diets are fed to genetically-modified cardiovascular models, such as Apoe and Ldlr deficient mice, to accelerate and enhance hypercholesterolemia and plaque formation and to elicit phenotypes commonly associated with metabolic syndrome. Within the atherogenic literature, a “Western” diet typically is described as a purified rodent diet with 20-23% milkfat/butterfat, 0.2% total cholesterol, and 34% sucrose by weight. TD.88137  is an example of a “Western” style diet that was originally designed to characterize and enhance atherosclerosis development in a newly generated Apoe-deficient mouse model. Contact us for more information about “Western” style diets, modifications, or possible control diets.

“西方”纯化的致动脉粥样硬化饮食

“西式”饮食被喂给转基因心血管模型，例如 Apoe 和 Ldlr 缺陷小鼠，以加速和增强高胆固醇血症和斑块形成，并引发通常与代谢综合征相关的表型。 在致动脉粥样硬化的文献中，“西方”饮食通常被描述为含有 20-23% 乳脂/乳脂、0.2% 总胆固醇和 34% 蔗糖的纯化啮齿动物饮食。 TD.88137 是“西式”饮食的一个例子，最初旨在表征和增强新生成的 Apoe 缺陷小鼠模型中的动脉粥样硬化发展。 联系我们了解更多关于“西式”饮食、修改或可能的控制饮食的信息。

Examples:

  • TD.88137     Adjusted calories diet (42% from fat, 0.2% total cholesterol)
  • TD.10885   45% fat Kcal diet (0.2% total cholesterol)

Research use:

Accelerated hypercholesterolemia and plaque formation in genetically-modified models, such as Apoe and Ldlr deficient mice.

Used for diet-induced obesity in a variety of rodent models.

Key dietary features:

  • High Fat Diet (20-23% by weight; 40 – 45% kcal from fat)
  • Saturated fatty acids (SFA >60% of total fatty acids)
  • Milkfat/butterfat
  • Sucrose (34% by weight)
  • Cholesterol (0.2% total)

研究用途：

在基因改造模型（例如 Apoe 和 Ldlr 缺陷小鼠）中加速高胆固醇血症和斑块形成。

用于各种啮齿动物模型中的饮食引起的肥胖。

主要饮食特点：

高脂肪饮食（20-23% 重量；40-45% 来自脂肪的大卡）
饱和脂肪酸（SFA > 60% 的总脂肪酸）
乳脂/乳脂
蔗糖（按重量计 34%）
胆固醇（总量 0.2%）

References:  参开文献

  1. Febbraio, M., et al., Targeted disruption of the class B scavenger receptor CD36 protects against atherosclerotic lesion development in mice. J Clin Invest, 2000. 105(8): p. 1049-56.
  2. Huszar, D., et al., Increased LDL cholesterol and atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice with attenuated expression of scavenger receptor B1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2000. 20(4): p. 1068-73.
  3. Nakashima, Y., et al., ApoE-deficient mice develop lesions of all phases of atherosclerosis throughout the arterial tree. Arterioscler Thromb, 1994. 14(1): p. 133-40.
  4. Nakashima, Y., et al., Upregulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 at atherosclerosis-prone sites on the endothelium in the ApoE-deficient mouse. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1998. 18(5): p. 842-51.
  5. Plump, A.S., et al., Severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice created by homologous recombination in ES cells. Cell, 1992. 71(2): p. 343-53.
  6. Towler, D.A., et al., Diet-induced diabetes activates an osteogenic gene regulatory program in the aortas of low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. J Biol Chem, 1998. 273(46): p. 30427-34.
  7. Tsuchiya, K., et al., FoxOs integrate pleiotropic actions of insulin in vascular endothelium to protect mice from atherosclerosis. Cell Metab, 2012. 15(3): p. 372-81.

“Western” purified atherogenic diet with added cholesterol and cholate source*

Wild type mice and rats generally are resistant to atherosclerosis, requiring more extreme dietary manipulation to modify lipoprotein profiles and develop mild atherosclerosis (foam cells, fatty streaks). Modern formulations are made completely of purified ingredients because this more refined approach has been reported to decrease the incidence of gallstones and liver damage associated with less refined and more traditional dietary approaches. To induce mild atherosclerosis in wild type animals, the “Western” purified diet can be modified to increase cholesterol (1-1.25%) and add a bile salt such as sodium cholate or cholic acid. Contact us for more information, modifications, or possible control diets.

添加胆固醇和胆酸盐来源的“西方”纯化致动脉粥样硬化饮食*
野生型小鼠和大鼠通常对动脉粥样硬化有抵抗力，需要更极端的饮食操作来改变脂蛋白谱并发展为轻度动脉粥样硬化（泡沫细胞、脂肪条纹）。 现代配方完全由纯化成分制成，因为据报道这种更精致的方法可以降低与不太精致和更传统的饮食方法相关的胆结石和肝损伤的发生率。 为了在野生型动物中诱发轻度动脉粥样硬化，可以修改“西方”纯化饮食以增加胆固醇（1-1.25%）并添加胆汁盐，例如胆酸钠或胆酸。 联系我们了解更多信息、修改或可能的控制饮食。

Examples of purified high fat diets with added cholesterol and cholate source*:

    • TD.02028 21% milkfat (1.25% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid)
    • TD.09237    15% milkfat diet (1% cholesterol, 0.5% sodium cholate)

Examples of purified high fat diets with added cholesterol (without cholate source):

  • TD.96121     21% milkfat (1.25% cholesterol)

Research Use:

Induce hypercholesterolemia and mild atherosclerosis (foam cells, fatty streaks) primarily in wild type mice and rats.

Will not promote obesity.

研究用途：

主要在野生型小鼠和大鼠中诱发高胆固醇血症和轻度动脉粥样硬化（泡沫细胞、脂肪条纹）。

不会促进肥胖。

Key dietary features:

  • High fat diet (15-20% by weight; 34 – 45% kcal from fat)
  • Saturated fatty acids (SFA >55% of total fatty acids)
  • Milkfat/butterfat, cocoa butter
  • Sucrose (30-50% by weight)
  • Cholesterol (1 – 1.25%)
  • Cholate source (0.5%)*

主要饮食特点：

高脂肪饮食（15-20% 重量；34-45% 来自脂肪的大卡）
饱和脂肪酸（SFA > 55% 的总脂肪酸）
乳脂/乳脂、可可脂
蔗糖（按重量计 30-50%）
胆固醇 (1 – 1.25%)
胆酸盐来源 (0.5%)*

References: 参考文献

  1. Bernal, C., et al., Lipid biomarkers and metabolic effects of lycopene from tomato juice on liver of rats with induced hepatic steatosis. J Nutr Biochem, 2013. 24(11): p. 1870-81.

  2. Gao, Q., et al., Atherogenic diets exacerbate colitis in mice deficient in glutathione peroxidase. Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2010. 16(12): p. 2043-54.

  3. Lichtman, A.H., et al., Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerotic lesion development in LDL receptor-deficient mice fed defined semipurified diets with and without cholate. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1999. 19(8): p. 1938-44.

  4. Marcondes, M.C., et al., Effects of chronic mental stress and atherogenic diet on the immune inflammatory environment in mouse aorta. Brain Behav Immun, 2011. 25(8): p. 1649-57.

  5. Nishina, P.M., et al., Effects of dietary fats from animal and plant sources on diet-induced fatty streak lesions in C57BL/6J mice. J Lipid Res, 1993. 34(8): p. 1413-22.

  6. Nishina, P.M., et al., Atherosclerosis and plasma and liver lipids in nine inbred strains of mice. Lipids, 1993. 28(7): p. 599-605.
  7. Yue, P., et al., Enhanced hepatic apoA-I secretion and peripheral efflux of cholesterol and phospholipid in CD36 null mice. PLoS One, 2010. 5(3): p. e9906.
  8. Nishina, P.M., J. Verstuyft, and B. Paigen, Synthetic low and high fat diets for the study of atherosclerosis in the mouse. J Lipid Res, 1990. 31(5): p. 859-69.

*Sodium cholate or cholic acid aid cholesterol and fat absorption and reduce cholesterol disposal via bile acid synthesis. However, if including a cholate source is not desired for your research, diets without cholate are available. See TD.96121 for a purified diet and TD.94059 for a hybrid diet. Contact us for additional options.

*胆酸钠或胆酸有助于胆固醇和脂肪的吸收，并通过胆汁酸合成减少胆固醇的排放。 但是，如果您的研究不需要包含胆酸盐来源，则可以使用不含胆酸盐的饮食。 纯化饮食参见 TD.96121，混合饮食参见 TD.94059。 联系我们获取更多选项。

Hybrid high fat diets with added cholesterol and cholate source*

Beverly Paigen and colleagues first characterized atherosclerosis development in C57BL/6 mice by feeding a hybrid atherogenic diet. The hybrid diet was created by mixing a natural ingredient mouse diet in a 3:1 ratio with a concentrated purified diet (containing 5% cholesterol and 2% sodium cholate; referred to as Thomas-Hartroft diet). The resulting mixture recreated in TD.88051 /TD.90221 (same formula) contains ~15.8% fat, 1.25% cholesterol, and 0.5% sodium cholate. This group later compared the hybrid atherogenic diet approach to the more modern “western” purified atherogenic diet with added cholesterol and cholate and found that the hybrid atherogenic diet induced more gallstones and liver damage. Hybrid diets contain a variety of unrefined ingredients that may modify lipid metabolism and atherogenesis and do not allow for precise control of ingredients and nutrients for the study of chronic diseases. Although more refined diets have been developed, hybrid atherogenic diets are still popular for inducing mild atherosclerosis and gallstones in wild type mice and rats. Contact us for more information, modifications, or possible control diets.

添加胆固醇和胆酸盐来源的混合高脂肪饮食*
Beverly Paigen 及其同事首先通过喂养混合致动脉粥样硬化饮食来表征 C57BL/6 小鼠的动脉粥样硬化发展。混合饮食是通过将天然成分的小鼠饮食以 3:1 的比例与浓缩的纯化饮食（含有 5% 的胆固醇和 2% 的胆酸钠；称为 Thomas-Hartroft 饮食）混合而成的。在 TD.88051 /TD.90221（相同配方）中重新生成的混合物含有约 15.8% 的脂肪、1.25% 的胆固醇和 0.5% 的胆酸钠。该小组后来将混合致动脉粥样硬化饮食方法与更现代的“西方”纯化致动脉粥样硬化饮食（添加胆固醇和胆酸盐）进行了比较，发现混合致动脉粥样硬化饮食会导致更多的胆结石和肝损伤。混合饮食含有多种未精制的成分，这些成分可能会改变脂质代谢和动脉粥样硬化形成，并且不允许对慢性疾病研究中的成分和营养素进行精确控制。尽管已经开发出更精细的饮食，但混合致动脉粥样硬化饮食仍然很受欢迎，可在野生型小鼠和大鼠中诱发轻度动脉粥样硬化和胆结石。联系我们了解更多信息、修改或可能的控制饮食。

Examples of hybrid high-fat diets with added cholesterol and cholate source*:

  • TD.88051 and TD.90221 (same formula) are Teklad product codes for hybrid atherogenic diets

Example of hybrid high-fat diet with added cholesterol (without cholate source):

Research Use:

Induce hypercholesterolemia and mild atherosclerosis (foam cells, fatty streaks) primarily in wild type mice and rats.

Will not promote obesity.

Also used for lithogenic (gallstone) rodent studies.

Key dietary features:

    • 75% rodent breeder diet; 25% purified ingredients
    • High fat (~15% by weight; 37% kcal from fat)
    • Saturated fatty acids (SFA >45% of total fatty acids)
    • Cholesterol (1.25%)
    • Cholate source (0.5%)*

主要饮食特点：

75% 啮齿动物饲养者饮食； 25% 纯化成分
高脂肪（约 15% 重量；37% 来自脂肪大卡）
饱和脂肪酸（SFA > 总脂肪酸的 45%）
胆固醇 (1.25%)
胆酸盐来源 (0.5%)*

References: 参考文献

  1. Nishina, P.M., J. Verstuyft, and B. Paigen, Synthetic low and high fat diets for the study of atherosclerosis in the mouse. J Lipid Res, 1990. 31(5): p. 859-69.

  2. Clee, S.M., et al., Plasma and vessel wall lipoprotein lipase have different roles in atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res, 2000. 41(4): p. 521-31.

  3. George, J., et al., Enhanced fatty streak formation in C57BL/6J mice by immunization with heat shock protein-65. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1999. 19(3): p. 505-10.

  4. Miyake, J.H., et al., Transgenic expression of cholesterol-7-alpha-hydroxylase prevents atherosclerosis in C57BL/6J mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2002. 22(1): p. 121-6.

  5. Paigen, B., et al., Quantitative assessment of atherosclerotic lesions in mice. Atherosclerosis, 1987. 68(3): p. 231-40.

  6. Schreyer, S.A., D.L. Wilson, and R.C. LeBoeuf, C57BL/6 mice fed high fat diets as models for diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 1998. 136(1): p. 17-24.

  7. Vergnes, L., et al., Cholesterol and cholate components of an atherogenic diet induce distinct stages of hepatic inflammatory gene expression. J Biol Chem, 2003. 278(44): p. 42774-84.

*Sodium cholate or cholic acid aid cholesterol and fat absorption and reduce cholesterol disposal via bile acid synthesis. However, if including a cholate source is not desired for your research, diets without cholate are available. See TD.96121 for a purified diet and TD.94059 for a hybrid diet. Contact us for additional options.

*胆酸钠或胆酸有助于胆固醇和脂肪的吸收，并通过胆汁酸合成减少胆固醇的排放。 但是，如果您的研究不需要包含胆酸盐来源，则可以使用不含胆酸盐的饮食。 纯化饮食参见 TD.96121，混合饮食参见 TD.94059。 联系我们获取更多选项。

Standard diets with added cholesterol

Standard, natural ingredient diets with cholesterol added are fed to induce hypercholesterolemia. Various levels of cholesterol, fat, and/or bile salts can be added to one of the numerous standard rodent diets stocked by Envigo Teklad. For many applications, adding these components to Envigo’s minimal-to-moderate phytoestrogen global rodent diets is recommended. Our minimal phytoestrogen global rodent diets are soybean meal free, limiting the effect of phytoestrogens on your research outcomes. Soybean meal, a common dietary source of phytoestrogens, has been shown to decrease aortic fatty streak development and modify plasma cholesterol, which may reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis. Limiting dietary soybean meal may reduce confounding variables within your dietary-induced atherosclerosis model. Contact a nutritionist to discuss additional diet options.

添加胆固醇的标准饮食
喂食添加胆固醇的标准天然成分饮食以诱发高胆固醇血症。 Envigo Teklad 库存的众多标准啮齿动物饮食之一中可以添加不同水平的胆固醇、脂肪和/或胆汁盐。 对于许多应用，建议将这些成分添加到 Envigo 的最低至中度植物雌激素全球啮齿动物饮食中。 我们的最低植物雌激素全球啮齿动物饮食不含豆粕，限制了植物雌激素对您的研究成果的影响。 豆粕是植物雌激素的常见膳食来源，已被证明可以减少主动脉脂肪条纹的形成并改变血浆胆固醇，这可能会降低患动脉粥样硬化的风险。 限制膳食豆粕可能会减少膳食诱导的动脉粥样硬化模型中的混杂变量。 联系营养师讨论其他饮食选择。

Examples of minimal and moderate phytoestrogen rodent diets with added cholesterol:

    • TD.120097   1% cholesterol diet (2020 – minimal phytoestrogens)
    • TD.07841     2% cholesterol diet (2016 – minimal phytoestrogens)
    • TD.01383     2% cholesterol (2018 – Moderate phytoestrogens)

Research use:

Induce hypercholesterolemia in genetically-modified and wild type models without promoting obesity.

Key dietary features:

    • Standard, grain-based rodent diet
    • Minimal/moderate phytoestrogen diets recommended
    • Cholesterol (1 – 4%)

References: 参考文献

  1. Belch, J.J., et al., Longitudinal assessment of endothelial function in the microvasculature of mice in-vivo. Microvasc Res, 2013. 85: p. 86-92.
  2. Hartvigsen, K., et al., A diet-induced hypercholesterolemic murine model to study atherogenesis without obesity and metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2007. 27(4): p. 878-85.

Diets for additional animal models of atherosclerosis

Rabbits, hamsters, and swine are common models of atherosclerosis. Contact a nutritionist for information and formula examples. See rabbit, swine and other species for information and formula examples.

For additional phytoestrogen information, see our list of phytoestrogen references

其他动脉粥样硬化动物模型的饮食
兔子、仓鼠和猪是动脉粥样硬化的常见模型。 联系营养师获取信息和配方示例。 有关信息和配方示例，请参阅兔子、猪和其他物种。

有关其他植物雌激素信息，请参阅我们的植物雌激素参考列表

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Diet induced obesity

Custom diet induced obesity

Purified high fat diets used to induce obesity and obesity-related complications such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome typically have 40-60% of energy derived from fat. The diet tables below summarize relevant diet features for several Teklad custom research diets commonly used in rodent models.

Teklad also creates high-fat diets for other species, including pigs, primates, and dogs. Contact us to discuss the use of these diets or one that better meets your needs.

用于诱发肥胖和肥胖相关并发症（如糖尿病和代谢综合征）的纯化高脂肪饮食通常有 40-60% 的能量来自脂肪。 下面的饮食表总结了啮齿动物模型中常用的几种 Teklad 定制研究饮食的相关饮食特征。

Teklad 还为其他物种创造高脂肪饮食，包括猪、灵长类动物和狗。 联系我们讨论如何使用这些饮食或一种更能满足您需求的饮食。

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Commonly-used diet-induced obesity (DIO) Teklad rodent diets with 55-60% of calories from fat

Diet features TD.06414 stocked TD.93075 dough TD.07011 pellet
Kcal/g 5.1 4.8 4.8
Fat, % Kcal 60 55 55
Fat Sources,% by weight 31% lard
3% soybean oil		 27.4% vegetable shortening
1.6% corn oil		 27.4% vegetable shortening
1.6% corn oil
Calculated fatty acid profile, % total fat 36% saturated
41% monounsaturated
23% polyunsaturated		 24% saturated
61% monounsaturated (cis + trans)
15% polyunsaturated (cis + trans)		 24% saturated
61% monounsaturated (cis + trans)
15% polyunsaturated (cis + trans)
Sucrose, % by weight 12.1 9.6 9.6
Notes 60F10S poster data
Compare to D12492		 Trans fat Trans fat
Example modifications TD.08500 coconut oil
TD.09766 milk fat
Ingredient matched, low fat control diets* TD.06416 (35% sucrose)
TD.08806 (11% sucrose)		 TD.93074 (21% sucrose)
TD.120651 (7% sucrose)		 TD.93074 (21% sucrose)
TD.120651 (7% sucrose)
References Mouse
Rat		 Mouse
Rat		 Mouse
Rat

*Control diets can be designed in several ways, depending on what features the researcher wants to modify relative to the high-fat diet. These are just a few examples.

对照饮食可以通过多种方式设计，具体取决于研究人员相对于高脂肪饮食想要修改的特征。 这些只是几个例子。

Commonly-used diet-induced obesity (DIO) Teklad rodent diets with 40-45% of calories from fat

常用的饮食诱导肥胖 (DIO) Teklad 啮齿动物饮食，其中 40-45% 的卡路里来自脂肪

Diet features TD.06415 TD.08811 TD.88137 stocked TD.95217
Kcal/g 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.3
Fat, % Kcal 45 45 42 40
Fat sources, % by weight 19.5% lard
3% soybean oil		 21% milk fat
2% soybean oil		 21% milk fat 10.6% vegetable shortening
4% milk fat
4% soybean oil
Fatty acid profile,% total fat 35% saturated
40% monounsaturated
25% polyunsaturated		 61% saturated
30% monounsaturated
9% polyunsaturated		 66% saturated
30% monounsaturated
4% polyunsaturated		 31% saturated
47% monounsaturated (cis + trans)
22% polyunsaturated (cis + trans)
Sucrose,% by weight 22.8 36.8 34.5 15.8
Notes Compare to D12451 45F30S poster data “Western Diet”Cholesterol added Trans fat
Example modifications TD.110716 milk fat
TD.10670 no dye		 TD.130784 lard
TD.120438 no dye		 TD.07201 lard
TD.00573 h-coconut oil, no cholesterol
TD.09682 blue dye		 TD.07734 green dye
Ingredient matched, low fat control diets* TD.06416 (35% sucrose)
TD.110675 (18% sucrose)		 TD.120455 (6% sucrose, resistant starch)
TD.120724 (14% sucrose)		 TD.05230 (34% sucrose)
TD.08485 (12% sucrose)		 TD.06101 (6% sucrose)
References Mouse
Rat		 Mouse
Rat		 Mouse
Rat		 Mouse
Rat

Diets for diet-induced obesity (DIO)

Diets with 55-60% of calories from fat like TD.06414 and TD.93075 are commonly used for inducing obesity in rodents. While considered extreme compared to typical human fat consumption, these diets are effective in initiating rapid weight gain in most rodents. With higher fat content there is less room for carbohydrate, thus the carbohydrate (particularly sucrose) amount is relatively low compared to other obesity inducing diets. If you are interested in high fat and high carbohydrate, look at diets with 40-45% of calories from fat (often referred to as western diets).

As the fat level increases, pellet quality (durability) is often compromised. Some higher fat formulas are available only in non-pelleted form or require specific carbohydrate, maltodextrin, for pelleting. Depending on the fat and carbohydrate sources used, the non-pelleted form could be dense and crumbly, dough-like, or paste-like. Though a little more challenging to work with, non-pelleted diet is still used by many researchers for diet-induced obesity models as these researchers suspect the softer form may enhance obesity development.

Diets with 40-45% of calories from fat, like TD.95217 , TD.88137 , TD.06415 , and TD.08811 , represent another popular diet pattern for diet-induced obesity work. These diets have double or triple the amount of sucrose found in higher fat diets. High levels of simple carbohydrate like sucrose and fructose may help to promote hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and fatty liver. Diets with a pattern of high sucrose and high saturated or trans fat are often referred to as “Western Diets” in obesity and cardiovascular fields. Some “Western Diets” have further modifications to the fatty acid profile or even specific vitamin and minerals adjustments to be even more closely matched to a Western Diet pattern. For specific fatty acid modifications, see examples on our fat/lipid adjusted diets page.

Diets for diet-induced diabetes

Many of the same diets used for inducing obesity in rodents can be used to enhance diabetes related phenotypes like insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. However, fasting hyperglycemia characteristic of diabetes (glucose > 200 mg/dL) is uncommon with a diet only approach. Pre-feeding a high fat diet to induce a certain level of obesity and insulin resistance and then giving low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) may be an effective approach if overt hyperglycemia is desired.

Ingredient matched, low-fat DIO control diets

There are many options with different levels and types of fat in addition to different types of carbohydrate ranging from sucrose (highly refined, simple digestion) to corn starch (refined, but more complex) to resistant starch (refined, but not fully digestible). A very basic purified control diet would be AIN-93M (TD.94048 ) or AIN-93G (TD.94045 ). AIN-93 diets have a moderate amount of sucrose at ~10%, and fat is from soybean oil with a healthy fatty acid profile. Additional examples of controls for specific DIO diets can be found in the above tables. Learn more about AIN diet formulas.

Many researchers choose to compare their high fat fed animals to animals fed a natural ingredient, grain-based diet (also referred to as standard diets or chow). These diets differ in the source and level of nutrients as well as in the presence of non-nutritive factors (such as phytates or phytoestrogens). Depending on what your main comparisons are, it may be suitable to have a grain-based diet as your control/reference group. However, making such comparisons limits inferences to dietary patterns versus a specific dietary component.

饮食引起的肥胖症 (DIO)

TD.06414 和 TD.93075 等 55-60% 热量来自脂肪的饮食通常用于诱导啮齿动物肥胖。虽然与典型的人类脂肪消耗相比，这些饮食被认为是极端的，但这些饮食在大多数啮齿动物开始快速体重增加方面是有效的。由于脂肪含量较高，碳水化合物的空间较小，因此与其他导致肥胖的饮食相比，碳水化合物（尤其是蔗糖）的量相对较低。如果您对高脂肪和高碳水化合物感兴趣，请查看 40-45% 卡路里来自脂肪的饮食（通常称为西方饮食）。

随着脂肪含量的增加，颗粒质量（耐用性）通常会受到影响。一些高脂肪配方仅以非颗粒形式提供，或者需要特定的碳水化合物麦芽糖糊精来制成颗粒。根据所使用的脂肪和碳水化合物来源，非颗粒状可以是致密易碎的、面团状或糊状的。尽管使用起来更具挑战性，但许多研究人员仍将非颗粒状饮食用于饮食诱导的肥胖模型，因为这些研究人员怀疑较软的形式可能会促进肥胖的发展。

40-45% 热量来自脂肪的饮食，如 TD.95217、TD.88137、TD.06415 和 TD.08811，代表了另一种流行的饮食诱导肥胖工作的饮食模式。这些饮食中的蔗糖含量是高脂肪饮食中的两倍或三倍。高水平的简单碳水化合物如蔗糖和果糖可能有助于促进高甘油三酯血症、胰岛素抵抗和脂肪肝。具有高蔗糖和高饱和或反式脂肪模式的饮食在肥胖和心血管领域通常被称为“西方饮食”。一些“西方饮食”对脂肪酸成分进行了进一步的修改，甚至对特定的维生素和矿物质进行了调整，以更加接近西方饮食模式。对于特定的脂肪酸修饰，请参阅我们的脂肪/脂质调整饮食页面上的示例。

饮食诱发糖尿病的饮食
许多用于诱导啮齿动物肥胖的相同饮食可用于增强糖尿病相关表型，如胰岛素抵抗和葡萄糖耐受不良。然而，仅通过饮食的方法很少出现糖尿病的空腹高血糖特征（葡萄糖 > 200 mg/dL）。如果需要明显的高血糖，预先喂食高脂肪饮食以诱导一定程度的肥胖和胰岛素抵抗，然后给予低剂量的链脲佐菌素 (STZ) 可能是一种有效的方法。

成分匹配的低脂 DIO 控制饮食
除了不同类型的碳水化合物，从蔗糖（高度精制，简单消化）到玉米淀粉（精制，但更复杂）到抗性淀粉（精制，但不完全消化），还有许多脂肪含量和类型不同的选择。一个非常基本的纯化对照饮食是 AIN-93M (TD.94048) 或 AIN-93G (TD.94045)。 AIN-93 日粮含有适量的蔗糖，约为 10%，脂肪来自具有健康脂肪酸成分的大豆油。特定 DIO 饮食控制的其他示例可在上表中找到。了解更多关于 AIN 饮食配方的信息。

许多研究人员选择将他们喂食高脂肪的动物与喂食天然成分、谷物饮食（也称为标准饮食或食物）的动物进行比较。这些饮食的营养来源和水平以及非营养因素（如植酸盐或植物雌激素）的存在不同。根据您的主要比较，以谷物为主的饮食作为您的对照组/参考组可能是合适的。然而，进行这样的比较限制了对饮食模式与特定饮食成分的推断。

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Custom diet induced obesity

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Harlan 碳水化合物调整饲料Carbohydrate adjusted

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Harlan 碳水化合物调整饲料Carbohydrate adjusted

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Carbohydrate adjusted

Carbohydrate adjusted

A few carbohydrate adjusted formulas are shown below. Please contact us for additional formulas of this nature or for more information about altering the carbohydrate profile of a diet.

一些碳水化合物调整公式如下所示。 请联系我们以获取此类性质的其他配方或有关改变饮食中碳水化合物成分的更多信息。

Formula examples:

  • TD.89247       60% Fructose diet
  • TD.86489       Diet with adjusted sucrose/cornstarch
  • TD.96348       Diet (20% lactose, 2% Ca, 1.25% P)
  • TD.98090       70% Carbohydrate diet
  • TD.96355       Ketogenic diet (almost no carbohydrate)

公式示例：

TD.89247 60% 果糖饮食
TD.86489 调整蔗糖/玉米淀粉的饮食
TD.96348 饮食（20% 乳糖、2% 钙、1.25% 磷）
TD.98090 70% 碳水化合物饮食
TD.96355 生酮饮食（几乎不含碳水化合物）

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Carbohydrates often make up the majority (by weight and % kcal) of custom research diets, with the exception of higher fat diets. Commonly used carbohydrate sources include sucrose, cornstarch and maltodextrin. Other sources include fructose, dextrose (glucose), dextrin, and lactose. Maltodextrin is enzymatically derived from cornstarch to have shorter glucose polymers and is helpful in pelleting high fat diets and in diets where cornstarch exceeds sucrose.

Sucrose is a part of most formulas, often making up 10% of the diet or more. This likely adds to the palatability of the diet. The carbohydrate profile of a diet can be manipulated, although some mixtures may not pellet. There are also diets with very little carbohydrate, thus containing high amounts of fat and/or protein.

Cellulose (fiber) is part of many formulas and while not required by rodents, is considered beneficial. It can also be used to make formulas with differing macronutrient profiles isocaloric.

碳水化合物通常占定制研究饮食的大部分（按重量和百分比 kcal），高脂肪饮食除外。 常用的碳水化合物来源包括蔗糖、玉米淀粉和麦芽糖糊精。 其他来源包括果糖、右旋糖（葡萄糖）、糊精和乳糖。 麦芽糖糊精是从玉米淀粉酶促衍生的，具有较短的葡萄糖聚合物，有助于高脂肪饮食和玉米淀粉超过蔗糖的饮食的制粒。

蔗糖是大多数配方食品的一部分，通常占饮食的 10% 或更多。 这可能会增加饮食的适口性。 可以控制饮食中的碳水化合物成分，尽管某些混合物可能不会形成颗粒。 还有一些碳水化合物很少的饮食，因此含有大量的脂肪和/或蛋白质。

纤维素（纤维）是许多配方的一部分，虽然啮齿动物不需要，但被认为是有益的。 它还可用于制作具有不同常量营养素特征的等热量配方。

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Carbohydrate adjusted

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正文中列出的所有试剂只能用于测试或研究，不能作为”药品”，”食品”，”家庭用品”等使用。
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Harlan 氯化钠调整（天然成分）饲料NaCl adjusted (natural ingredient)

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Harlan 氯化钠调整（天然成分）饲料NaCl adjusted (natural ingredient)

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NaCl adjusted (natural ingredient)

NaCl adjusted (natural ingredient)

The sodium content of natural ingredients such as corn, wheat, and soybean meal is low. Thus, these ingredients can be used to create a base diet that is sodium deficient. To this base diet, various amounts of sodium chloride salt (NaCl) can be added, and other ingredients adjusted slightly to maintain a relatively constant nutrient profile (with the exception of sodium and chloride).

Below are examples from a popular series of adjusted NaCl diets. Contact us for more information.

玉米、小麦、豆粕等天然成分的钠含量较低。 因此，这些成分可用于制造缺乏钠的基础饮食。 在这种基础饮食中，可以添加不同量的氯化钠盐 (NaCl)，并稍微调整其他成分以保持相对恒定的营养成分（钠和氯化物除外）。

以下是一系列流行的调整 NaCl 饮食的示例。 联系我们获取更多信息。

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Formula examples
Added NaCl (%) Approx. Na (%) no dye red* dye orange* dye blue* dye
Na deficient 0.01-0.02 TD.90228 TD.08290
Possible control diets: 0.05% Na (0.1% NaCl) meets est. minimum Na requirement. Typical rodent diets contain 0.2%-0.4% Na (~0.5-1% NaCl).
0.1 0.05 TD.94268 TD.07334
0.49 0.2 TD.96208 TD.110765
1 0.4 TD.90229
Diets for studies that look at effects of excess sodium consumption in rodents.
2 0.8 TD.95078 TD.130345
4 1.6 TD.92034 TD.110078 TD.03095
8 3.2 TD.92012 TD.03142

* When added to natural ingredient diets, these water soluble food dyes offer a slight color tint. More intense color can be achieved at higher inclusion rates.

Ask a nutritionist about additional salt concentrations or color options.

These diets are grain-based, with no animal derived ingredients, and have a background sodium content of approx. 0.01-0.02% and a background chloride content of approx. 0.06-0.07%. The selected nutrient content of the diets are as follows: approximately 19% protein, 5% fat, 3% crude fiber, 0.86% Ca, 0.64% P, 0.72% K, and 0.15% Mg.

NaCl adjusted diets are often fed to dahl salt-sensitive/resistant (rapp) inbred rats. These rats are maintained on Teklad traditional diet 7034 (0.12% NaCl) within maximum security production facilities.

* 当添加到天然成分饮食中时，这些水溶性食用染料会提供轻微的色调。 在更高的包含率下可以获得更强烈的颜色。

向营养师询问额外的盐浓度或颜色选择。

这些饮食以谷物为基础，不含动物源性成分，背景钠含量约为。 0.01-0.02%，背景氯化物含量约为。 0.06-0.07%。 选择的日粮营养成分如下：大约 19% 的蛋白质、5% 的脂肪、3% 的粗纤维、0.86% 的钙、0.64% 的磷、0.72% 的钾和 0.15% 的镁。

NaCl 调整的饮食通常喂给对 dahl 盐敏感/抗性 (rapp) 近交系大鼠。 这些大鼠在最大安全生产设施内以 Teklad 传统饮食 7034 (0.12% NaCl) 维持。

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NaCl adjusted (natural ingredient)

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Harlan NAFLD and NASH 饲料

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Harlan NAFLD and NASH 饲料

Harlan Teklad动物饲料
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NAFLD and NASH

NAFLD and NASH

Dietary methods to induce NAFLD/NASH in rodents can be split into two common categories:

  • diets fed for longer periods of time to induce obesity, metabolic syndrome, and mild NASH or
  • diets fed for short periods of time to induce hepatic features of severe NASH without inducing obesity or insulin resistance

This page provides further information on dietary methods to induce NAFLD/NASH. We’ve also prepared a downloadable NASH/NAFLD mini paper.

The tables below highlight diet options from both of the above categories. For more complete descriptions of NAFLD/NASH models see the drop down menus that follow the tables.

在啮齿动物中诱发 NAFLD/NASH 的饮食方法可分为两个常见类别：

喂食较长时间的饮食会诱发肥胖、代谢综合征和轻度 NASH 或
短时间喂食以诱发严重 NASH 的肝脏特征而不诱发肥胖或胰岛素抵抗的饮食
本页提供了有关诱发 NAFLD/NASH 的饮食方法的更多信息。 我们还准备了可下载的 NASH/NAFLD 迷你论文。

下表突出显示了上述两个类别的饮食选择。 有关 NAFLD/NASH 模型的更完整描述，请参见表格后面的下拉菜单。

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Diet options for inducing obesity, metabolic syndrome and mild NAFLD/NASH

Diet features Western/Fast Food ALIOS FPC diet
Product Code TD.88137 TD.06303 TD.160785 PWD dough
Fat, % Kcal 42 45 52
Fat Sources, % by weight 21% milk fat 22% hydrogenated vegetable oil
1% soybean oil		 19% hydrogenated vegetable oil
6% milk fat
4% palmitic acid
Fatty acid profile, % total fat 66% saturated
30% monounsaturated
4% polyunsaturated		 23% saturated
31% monounsaturated (cis)
12% polyunsaturated (cis)
34% trans		 43% saturated
47% monounsaturated (cis + trans)
10% polyunsaturated (cis + trans)
Sugars, % by weight 34.5% sucrose 22.4% sucrose 34.5% sucrose
Cholesterol, % by weight 0.2 0 1.25
Modifications TD.96121 1.25% cholesterol
TD.120528 Increased sucrose, 1.25% cholesterol		 TD.120330 0.2% cholesterol
TD.130885 0.2% cholesterol, 27% sucrose		 TD.140154 adds customer supplied palmitic acid

For high fat diet options to induce uncomplicated NAFLD see our Diet Induced Obesity page.

有关诱发简单 NAFLD 的高脂肪饮食选择，请参阅我们的饮食诱发肥胖页面。

Diet options for inducing more severe hepatic NAFLD/NASH without obesity or metabolic syndrome

Diet features High Fat, Cholesterol & Cholate Methionine/choline deficient (MCD)
Product Code TD.02028 TD.90262
Fat, % Kcal 42 22
Fat Sources, % by weight 21% milk fat 10% corn oil
Fatty acid profile, % total fat 66% saturated
30% monounsaturated
4% polyunsaturated		 14% saturated
28% monounsaturated
58% polyunsaturated
Sugars, % by weight 33.3% sucrose 46% sucrose
Cholesterol, % by weight 1.25 0
Cholate Source, % by weight 0.5 0
Related diets TD.09237 15% milk fat, 1% cholesterol
TD.88051 Hybrid version		 TD.94149 MCD control diet

Diets inducing obesity, metabolic syndrome and mild NAFLD/NASH

  • Western or fast food style diets fed to induce NASH with metabolic syndrome contain 40 – 45% kcal from milkfat (a fat source high in palmitate) with added cholesterol (0.15 – 2%) and are high in sucrose (>30%). Dietary palmitate and cholesterol have both previously been associated with the progression from simple steatosis to NASH.

    导致肥胖、代谢综合征和轻度 NAFLD/NASH 的饮食
    用于诱发患有代谢综合征的 NASH 的西式或快餐式饮食含有 40 – 45% 来自乳脂（棕榈酸酯含量高的脂肪来源）的 kcal，并添加了胆固醇（0.15 – 2%），并且蔗糖含量高（>30%）。 膳食棕榈酸酯和胆固醇以前都与从简单脂肪变性到 NASH 的进展有关。

    Examples:

    • TD.88137 Adjusted Calories Diet (42% from fat)
    • TD.96121 21% MF, 1.25% Chol. Diet
    • TD.120528 42% Kcal/Fat Diet (Incr. Sucrose, 1.25% Chol.)
      Western and Fast Food diets with milkfat and cholesterol

    Research use:

    These diets can induce obesity, metabolic syndrome, and simple steatosis within nine weeks of feeding. Increased hepatic inflammation has been observed after 12 weeks of feeding. NASH typically requires longer feeding with fibrosis developing within nine months and late stage fibrosis including hepatic ballooning occurring after 14 – 20 months of feeding. Increasing dietary sucrose (~41%) and cholesterol (~1.25%) accelerates the NASH phenotype with steatosis, inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning observed within 12 weeks. In addition to feeding a high fat diet, providing a glucose/fructose mixture in the drinking water may further promote NASH development.

    研究用途：

    这些饮食会在喂食后的九周内诱发肥胖、代谢综合征和单纯性脂肪变性。 喂养 12 周后观察到肝脏炎症增加。 NASH 通常需要更长的喂养时间，在 9 个月内出现纤维化，在 14-20 个月的喂养后出现包括肝气球样变在内的晚期纤维化。 增加膳食蔗糖 (~41%) 和胆固醇 (~1.25%) 会加速 NASH 表型，在 12 周内观察到脂肪变性、炎症和肝细胞膨胀。 除了喂食高脂肪饮食外，在饮用水中提供葡萄糖/果糖混合物可能会进一步促进 NASH 的发展。

    Select References:  参考文献

    Charlton, M., et al., Fast food diet mouse: novel small animal model of NASH with ballooning, progressive fibrosis, and high physiological fidelity to the human condition. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2011. 301(5): p. G825-34. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21836057

    Gores, G., Charlton M, Krishnan A, Viker K, Sanderson S, Cazanave S, McConico A, Masuoko H. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2015. 308: p. G159. ajpgi.physiology.org/content/308/2/G159

    Li, Z.Z., et al., Hepatic lipid partitioning and liver damage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase. J Biol Chem, 2009. 284(9): p. 5637-44. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119140

    Ioannou, G.N., et al., Hepatic cholesterol crystals and crown-like structures distinguish NASH from simple steatosis. J Lipid Res, 2009. 54(5): p. 1326-34. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23417738

    Alkhouri, N., et al., Adipocyte apoptosis, a link between obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. J Biol Chem, 2010. 285(5): p. 3428-38. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19940134

    Dixon, L.J., et al., Caspase-1 as a central regulator of high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. PLoS One, 2013. 8(2): p. e56100. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23409132

    DeLeve, L.D., et al., Prevention of hepatic fibrosis in a murine model of metabolic syndrome with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Pathol, 2008. 173(4): p. 993-1001. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772330

    VanSaun, M.N., et al., High fat diet induced hepatic steatosis establishes a permissive microenvironment for colorectal metastases and promotes primary dysplasia in a murine model. Am J Pathol, 2009. 175(1): p. 355-64. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541928

    Asgharpour, A., et al., A diet-induced animal model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular cancer. J Hepatol, 2016. 65(3): p. 579-88. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27261415

    Tetri, L.H., et al., Severe NAFLD with hepatic necroinflammatory changes in mice fed trans fats and a high-fructose corn syrup equivalent. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2008. 295(5): p. G987-95. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772365

    Tsuchida, T., et al., A simple diet-and chemical-induced murine NASH model with rapid progression of steatohepatitis, fibrosis and liver cancer. Journal of hepatology, 2018. 69(2):385-395. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29572095

  • The ALIOS model: western diet with trans-fat

    The American Lifestyle-Induced Obesity Syndrome (ALIOS) model involves feeding the “American fast food” diet high in trans-fats and sugar. Dietary trans-fats from hydrogenated vegetable shortening (HVO) are associated with increased insulin resistance and hepatic inflammation in rodent NASH models. In addition to diet, a glucose/fructose solution is added to the drinking water and sedentary behavior promoted by removing the overhead cage feeders in this model.

    ALIOS 模型：含有反式脂肪的西方饮食
    美国生活方式诱发的肥胖综合症 (ALIOS) 模型涉及喂食富含反式脂肪和糖的“美国快餐”饮食。 来自氢化植物起酥油 (HVO) 的膳食反式脂肪与啮齿动物 NASH 模型中胰岛素抵抗和肝脏炎症的增加有关。 除了饮食，葡萄糖/果糖溶液被添加到饮用水中，并且通过移除该模型中的架空笼式喂食器来促进久坐行为。

    Examples:

     

    Research use:

    The ALIOS model develops obesity with insulin resistance, elevated ALT levels, and steatosis within 16 weeks. Increased inflammation and early development of fibrosis have been observed at 6 months. Severe steatosis with fibrosis and inflammation develops within 12 months of feeding with 50% of the mice reportedly developing hepatic neoplasms. Adding cholesterol (0.2%) to the American Fast Food diet may accelerate NASH phenotype development.

    研究用途：

    ALIOS 模型在 16 周内发展为具有胰岛素抵抗、ALT 水平升高和脂肪变性的肥胖症。 在 6 个月时观察到炎症增加和纤维化的早期发展。 喂食后 12 个月内会出现伴有纤维化和炎症的严重脂肪变性，据报道有 50% 的小鼠会出现肝肿瘤。 在美国快餐饮食中添加胆固醇（0.2%）可能会加速 NASH 表型的发展。

    Select References: 参考文献

    Koppe, S.W., et al., Trans fat feeding results in higher serum alanine aminotransferase and increased insulin resistance compared with a standard murine high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2009. 297(2): p. G378-84. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541924

    Tetri, L.H., et al., Severe NAFLD with hepatic necroinflammatory changes in mice fed trans fats and a high-fructose corn syrup equivalent. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2008. 295(5): p. G987-95. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772365

    Mells, J.E., et al., Glp-1 analog, liraglutide, ameliorates hepatic steatosis and cardiac hypertrophy in C57BL/6J mice fed a Western diet. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2012. 302(2): p. G225-35. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038829

    Dowman, J.K, et al., Development of hepatocellular carcinoma in a murine model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by use of a high-fat/fructose diet and sedentary lifestyle. Am J Pathol, 2014. 184(5):1550-1561. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24650559

    Mells, J.E., et al., Saturated fat and cholesterol are critical to inducing murine metabolic syndrome with robust nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Nutr Biochem, 2014. 26(3): p. 285-92. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25577467

  • The Fructose, Palmitate, Cholesterol and Trans-Fat (FPC) diet is a recent NASH diet that includes Western and ALIOS model diets to achieve both metabolic and hepatic NASH features within an accelerated time frame. Key features of the FPC diet include 1) a lower Met content than typical rodent diets by decreasing total protein without supplementing sulfur amino acids; 2) choline supplementation is lower than typical but is not considered deficient; 3) high in sucrose (~34% by weight); 4) 1.25% cholesterol; 5) 52% kcal from fat with fat sources including milkfat fat, palmitic acid and hydrogenated vegetable shortening to provide trans-fats. Like the ALIOS model, the FPC model also provides a glucose/fructose solution to the drinking water.

    FPC饮食：果糖、棕榈酸酯、胆固醇和反式脂肪饮食
    果糖、棕榈酸酯、胆固醇和反式脂肪 (FPC) 饮食是最近的 NASH 饮食，包括西方和 ALIOS 模型饮食，以在加速的时间范围内实现代谢和肝脏 NASH 特征。 FPC 饮食的主要特点包括 1) 通过减少总蛋白质而不补充含硫氨基酸，Met 含量低于典型啮齿动物饮食； 2) 胆碱补充量低于典型值但不被认为是不足的； 3) 蔗糖含量高（约 34% 重量）； 4) 1.25% 胆固醇； 5) 52% kcal 来自脂肪来源，包括乳脂脂肪、棕榈酸和氢化植物起酥油，以提供反式脂肪。 与 ALIOS 模型一样，FPC 模型也为饮用水提供葡萄糖/果糖溶液。

    Examples:

    • TD.160785 52 kcal/Fat Diet (C16:0, HVO, AMF, Choline/Met)
      FPC diet: fructose, palmitate, cholesterol and trans-fat diet

    Research use:

    Male C57BL/6J mice fed the FPC diet and provided a glucose/fructose drinking solution developed insulin resistance and NAFLD with inflammation, hepatocyte death, and fibrosis within 16 weeks.

    研究用途：

    喂食 FPC 饮食并提供葡萄糖/果糖饮用溶液的雄性 C57BL/6J 小鼠在 16 周内出现胰岛素抵抗和 NAFLD，并伴有炎症、肝细胞死亡和纤维化。

    Select References:参考文献

    Wang, X., et al., Hepatocyte TAZ/WWTR1 promotes inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Cell Metab, 2016. 24(6): p. 848-62. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28068223

    Zhu, C., et al., Hepatocyte Notch activation induces liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Sci Transl Med, 2018. 10(468). www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30463916

  • Common diets to induce obesity (DIO) can be fed to induce uncomplicated NAFLD. These high fat diets typically contain 40–60% kcal from fat without supplemented cholesterol or cholate. Simple sugars such as sucrose or fructose can also be supplemented via diet or water to progress the fatty liver phenotype. Diets can be in pellet or powder/dough form depending on the formula. Some models require limited physical activity and in those cases diets can be fed inside the cage. For more information see our Diet Induced Obesity page.

    高脂肪饮食
    可以喂食诱发肥胖症 (DIO) 的普通饮食以诱发非复杂性 NAFLD。 这些高脂肪饮食通常含有 40–60% 来自脂肪的大卡，而不含补充胆固醇或胆酸盐。 蔗糖或果糖等单糖也可以通过饮食或水补充，以促进脂肪肝表型。 饮食可以是颗粒或粉末/面团形式，具体取决于配方。 有些模型需要有限的体力活动，在这些情况下，可以在笼子内喂食。 欲了解更多信息，请参阅我们的饮食诱发肥胖页面。

    Examples:

      • TD.08811 45%kcal Fat Diet (21% MF, 2% SBO)
      • TD.06414 Adjusted Calories Diet (60/Fat)
        High fat diets

    Research use:

    In susceptible rodent models, high fat diets are commonly used to induce NAFLD with obesity and insulin resistance common metabolic features associated with NASH in humans. However, the degree of NASH pathology (steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis) is limited or mild and varies depending on the animal model, length of feeding, and dietary components.

     

Diets to induce severe hepatic NAFLD/NASH without obesity or metabolic

  • Atherogenic diets high in fat, cholesterol, and cholate

    Originally formulated to induce mild atherosclerosis in wild-type rodents, high fat diets containing added cholesterol (1 – 1.25%) and cholate (0.5% as sodium cholate or cholic acid) have also been useful in inducing NASH. This diet option includes purified “Western” style diets with increased cholesterol and cholate and also hybrid diets. Hybrid diets were originally developed by Beverly Paigen and colleagues by mixing a natural ingredient mouse diet in a 3:1 ratio with a concentrated purified diet (containing 5% cholesterol and 2% sodium cholate) resulting in a diet containing ~15.8% fat, 1.25% cholesterol, and 0.5% sodium cholate. Although a less refined approach, the hybrid diet is associated with increased gallstone formation and liver damage as compared to similar purified diets.

    饮食可诱发严重的肝脏 NAFLD/NASH，但没有肥胖或代谢
    高脂肪、胆固醇和胆酸盐的致动脉粥样硬化饮食
    最初配制用于在野生型啮齿动物中诱导轻度动脉粥样硬化，含有添加胆固醇（1 – 1.25%）和胆酸盐（0.5% 作为胆酸钠或胆酸）的高脂肪饮食也可用于诱导 NASH。 这种饮食选择包括增加胆固醇和胆酸盐的纯化“西式”饮食以及混合饮食。 混合饮食最初是由 Beverly Paigen 及其同事开发的，通过将天然成分的小鼠饮食以 3:1 的比例与浓缩的纯化饮食（含有 5% 胆固醇和 2% 胆酸钠）混合，从而得到含有约 15.8% 脂肪、1.25 % 胆固醇和 0.5% 胆酸钠。 虽然是一种不太精细的方法，但与类似的纯化饮食相比，混合饮食与增加的胆结石形成和肝损伤有关。

    Examples:

     

    Research use:

    Atherogenic diets are able to induce varied degrees of NASH with increased hepatic inflammation with early fibrosis observed after ten weeks of feeding. However, the metabolic profile typical in human NASH (obesity with insulin resistance) is not recapitulated in this model with animals typically maintaining similar body weights as control fed groups without the development of metabolic syndrome.

    研究用途：

    致动脉粥样硬化饮食能够诱导不同程度的 NASH，并在喂养 10 周后观察到肝脏炎症增加和早期纤维化。 然而，人类 NASH（伴有胰岛素抵抗的肥胖）中典型的代谢特征在该模型中没有被概括，动物通常保持与对照组相似的体重，而没有代谢综合征的发展。

    Select References: 参考文献

    Nishina, P.M., J. Verstuyft, and B. Paigen, Synthetic low and high fat diets for the study of atherosclerosis in the mouse. J Lipid Res, 1990. 31(5): p. 859-69. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2380634

    Kamari, Y., et al., Lack of interleukin-1alpha or interleukin-1beta inhibits transformation of steatosis to steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. J Hepatol, 2011. 55(5): p. 1086-94. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21354232

    Kim, D.G., et al., Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induces signs of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in wild-type mice and accelerates pathological signs of AD in an AD model. J Neuroinflammation, 2016. 13: p. 1.
    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26728181

    Madrigal-Perez, V.M., et al., Preclinical analysis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug usefulness for the simultaneous prevention of steatohepatitis, atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2015. 8(12): p. 22477-83. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26885230

    Savransky, V., et al., Chronic intermittent hypoxia causes hepatitis in a mouse model of diet-induced fatty liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2007. 293(4): p. G871-7. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17690174

    • TD.94149 Amino Acid Control DietMethionine and choline deficient (MCD) diets are amino acid defined rodent diets deficient in methionine and choline, high in sucrose (>40% by weight) with ~10% corn oil by weight. Methionine and choline deficiency decreases fat oxidation and export of fat from the liver. Dietary sucrose is necessary for hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidation. The polyunsaturated fat in corn oil promotes hepatic lipid oxidation.

      蛋氨酸/胆碱缺乏 (MCD) 饮食
      蛋氨酸和胆碱缺乏 (MCD) 饮食是氨基酸定义的啮齿动物饮食，缺乏蛋氨酸和胆碱，蔗糖含量高（> 40% 重量）和约 10% 玉米油重量。 蛋氨酸和胆碱缺乏会降低脂肪氧化和脂肪从肝脏的输出。 膳食蔗糖是肝脏脂质积累和氧化所必需的。 玉米油中的多不饱和脂肪促进肝脏脂质氧化。

      Example:

      • TD.90262 Methionine/Choline Deficient Diet
        Methionine/choline deficient (MCD) diets

      Control:

  • Research use:

    Steatosis, increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), inflammation, and hepatic fat oxidation has been observed within three weeks of feeding the MCD diet with fibrosis development after six weeks. This dietary model does not produce metabolic syndrome (an aspect of NASH in human models) and progressive weight loss (up to 40%) is associated with the MCD diet feeding.

  • 研究用途：

    在喂食 MCD 饮食的三周内观察到脂肪变性、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT) 升高、炎症和肝脏脂肪氧化，六周后出现纤维化。 这种饮食模型不会产生代谢综合征（人体模型中 NASH 的一个方面），并且进行性体重减轻（高达 40%）与 MCD 饮食喂养有关。

  •  

     

    Select References: 参考文献

    Pickens, M.K., et al., Dietary sucrose is essential to the development of liver injury in the MCD model of steatohepatitis. J Lipid Res, 2009. 50(10):2072-82. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19295183

    Li, Z.Z., et al., Hepatic lipid partitioning and liver damage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase. J Biol Chem, 2009. 284(9): p. 5637-44. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119140

    Lee, G.S., et al., Polyunsaturated fat in the methionine-choline-deficient diet influences hepatic inflammation but not hepatocellular injury. J Lipid Res, 2007. 48(8): p. 1885-96. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526933

    Vetelainen, R., A. van Vliet, and T.M. van Gulik, Essential pathogenic and metabolic differences in steatosis induced by choline or methione-choline deficient diets in a rat model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2007. 22(9): p. 1526-33. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17716355

    Leclercq, I.A., et al., Intrahepatic insulin resistance in a murine model of steatohepatitis: effect of PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone. Lab Invest, 2007. 87(1): p. 56-65. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17075577

    Kashireddy, P.R. and M.S. Rao, Sex differences in choline-deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 2004. 229(2): p. 158-62. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14734794

    Dixon, L.J., et al., Caspase-1-mediated regulation of fibrogenesis in diet-induced steatohepatitis. Lab Invest, 2012. 92(5): p. 713-23. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2241106

  • Emerging NASH models

    Dietary models of NAFLD/NASH continue to evolve with the goal of more accurately recapitulating both the metabolic and hepatic symptoms of human disease. Commonly researchers are studying the synergistic effects of various NASH dietary features to accelerate progression of the model and severity of liver disease.

    新兴的 NASH 模型
    NAFLD/NASH 的饮食模型继续发展，目标是更准确地概括人类疾病的代谢和肝脏症状。 通常，研究人员正在研究各种 NASH 饮食特征的协同效应，以加速模型的进展和肝病的严重程度。

  • Control diets

    The choice of control diet is dependent on the specific research goal. Many researchers choose to compare their NAFLD/NASH diet-fed animals to animals fed a natural ingredient, grain-based diet (also referred to as standard diet or chow). These diets differ in the source and level of nutrients as well as in the presence of non-nutritive factors (such as phytates or phytoestrogens).

    Depending on what your main comparisons are, it may be suitable to have a grain-based diet as your control/reference group. However, making such comparisons limits inferences to dietary patterns versus a specific dietary component. In some cases, such as those studies feeding amino acid defined diets like the MCD model, a matched control diet is recommended given the very different formulations and protein sources of grain-based diets.

    When making inferences about specific nutrients within the diet an ingredient matched, low fat control diet may be necessary. There are many options with different levels and types of fat in addition to different types of carbohydrate ranging from sucrose (highly refined and digestible) to corn starch (refined, but more complex) to resistant starch (refined, but not fully digestible).

    A very basic purified control diet would be AIN-93M TD.94048 or AIN-93G TD.94045 . AIN-93 diets have a moderate amount of sucrose at ~10% with fat from soybean oil providing a healthy fatty acid profile. Learn more about AIN diet formulas.

    Contact a nutritionist for an additional information and control diet recommendations.

控制饮食
控制饮食的选择取决于具体的研究目标。许多研究人员选择将他们的 NAFLD/NASH 饮食喂养动物与喂养天然成分、谷物饮食（也称为标准饮食或食物）的动物进行比较。这些饮食的营养来源和水平以及非营养因素（如植酸盐或植物雌激素）的存在不同。

根据您的主要比较，以谷物为主的饮食作为您的对照组/参考组可能是合适的。然而，进行这样的比较限制了对饮食模式与特定饮食成分的推断。在某些情况下，例如那些饲喂氨基酸定义饮食（如 MCD 模型）的研究，鉴于谷物饮食的配方和蛋白质来源非常不同，建议使用匹配的对照饮食。

当推断饮食中的特定营养成分匹配时，可能需要低脂肪控制饮食。除了不同类型的碳水化合物，从蔗糖（高度精制和易消化）到玉米淀粉（精制，但更复杂）再到抗性淀粉（精制，但不能完全消化），还有许多脂肪含量和类型不同的选择。

一个非常基本的纯化对照饮食是 AIN-93M TD.94048 或 AIN-93G TD.94045。 AIN-93 日粮含有适量的蔗糖，约为 10%，而大豆油中的脂肪提供了健康的脂肪酸成分。了解更多关于 AIN 饮食配方的信息。

联系营养师以获取更多信息和控制饮食建议。

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Harlan 强力霉素饮食Doxycycline diets

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Doxycycline diets

Doxycycline diets

Envigo Teklad diets makes a variety of doxycycline containing diets for your Tet regulated systems. TD.01306 with doxycycline hyclate added at 625 mg/kg to Teklad global 2018 rodent diet is stocked and can typically ship within 1-2 days (non-irradiated) or 1-2 weeks (irradiated). Diets are easily customizable. Custom specifications include: base diet, concentration of doxycycline, and food coloring. Contact us to discuss your needs if you don’t find a suitable option below.

See our lists of doxycycline references and phytoestrogen references for additional information.

Envigo Teklad 饮食为您的春节调节系统制作各种含有强力霉素的饮食。 TD.01306 在 Teklad 全球 2018 年啮齿动物饮食中添加了 625 mg/kg 的盐酸多西环素，通常可以在 1-2 天（未辐照）或 1-2 周（辐照）内发货。 饮食很容易定制。 定制规格包括：基础饮食、强力霉素浓度和食用色素。 如果您在下面找不到合适的选项，请联系我们讨论您的需求。

有关更多信息，请参阅我们的强力霉素参考和植物雌激素参考列表。

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Formula examples with Teklad global 2018 base diet

Doxycycline hyclate1 USP
(mg/kg diet)		 Natural color Alternatives with food coloring
46 TD.10483 TD.180327 Red
TD.120240 Blue
100 TD.04233 TD.130840 Blue
200 TD.00502 TD.180625 Red
TD.150431 Blue
TD.04104 Green
625 TD.01306
stocked2		 TD.08541 Red
TD.120769 Blue
TD.09628 Green
1000 TD.05298 TD.06294 Red
TD.120658 Blue
2000 TD.05512 TD.140011 Red
TD.09633 Green
6000 TD.01533

1 Doxycycline hyclate is ~87% doxycycline
2 TD.01306 typically ships within 2 days non-irradiated or 2 weeks with irradiation

1 盐酸强力霉素约为 87% 强力霉素
2 TD.01306 通常在未经辐照的 2 天内或辐照的 2 周内发货

Considerations when choosing a base diet

  • Teklad Global Rodent Diets® like 2018 do not contain alfalfa and are thus ideal if your work requires an alfalfa-free diet for fluorescent imaging, If further imaging clarity is needed, we can make purified diets with doxycycline.
  • Teklad global 2018 (base diet in examples above) contains a moderate amount of soybean meal, a source of phytoestrogens. The table below includes several options of minimal phytoestrogen diets with the most common doxycycline concentration of 625 mg/kg diet. For other concentrations contact us. For additional phytoestrogen information, see our list of phytoestrogen references.

选择基础饮食时的注意事项

Teklad Global Rodent Diets®（如 2018 年）不含苜蓿，因此如果您的工作需要无苜蓿的饮食进行荧光成像，则非常理想。如果需要进一步的成像清晰度，我们可以使用强力霉素制作纯化饮食。
Teklad global 2018（上述示例中的基础饮食）含有适量的豆粕，这是植物雌激素的来源。 下表包括几种最低植物雌激素饮食选择，最常见的强力霉素浓度为 625 毫克/千克饮食。 如需其他浓度，请联系我们。 有关其他植物雌激素信息，请参阅我们的植物雌激素参考列表。

Examples of minimal phytoestrogen global rodent diets with doxycycline hyclate1 at 625 mg/kg diet

使用 625 mg/kg 饮食的多西环素 hyclate1 的最低植物雌激素全球啮齿动物饮食示例

Base diet Natural color Alternatives with food coloring
mg per kg diet
2014 TD.00426 TD.07382 Red
TD.07573 Yellow
2016 TD.02503 TD.140263 Blue
TD.170364v Red
2019 TD.09651 TD.09761 Green
2020 TD.110720 TD.130141 Red

1 Doxycycline hyclate is ~87% doxycycline

1 盐酸强力霉素约为 87% 强力霉素

Advantages of diet delivery of doxycycline

  • Typically the same doxycycline concentration can be used in diet as in water. Lower concentrations of doxycycline may be adequate with 625 mg/kg diet being the most common concentration.
  • Diet offers protection from light. Water may have to be given in dark-colored or foil-wrapped bottles
  • Diet is typically changed once per week. Water may need to be changed every few days
  • Diet delivery may also reduce risk of dehydration and preclude the need to give with sucrose (Cawthorne et. al. 2007)

多西环素饮食输送的优点

通常，可以在饮食中使用与水中相同浓度的强力霉素。 较低浓度的强力霉素可能就足够了，最常见的浓度为 625 mg/kg 饮食。
饮食提供避光保护。 水可能必须装在深色或铝箔包装的瓶子中
饮食通常每周改变一次。 可能需要每隔几天换一次水
饮食还可以降低脱水的风险，并排除给予蔗糖的需要（Cawthorne et. al. 2007）

Key planning information

  • Minimum order quantity is 3 kg, sufficient for feeding ~20 mice for one month
  • Store diet refrigerated and plan to use within six months
  • Typical lead time is two weeks (four weeks if irradiated)
  • TD.01306 typically ships within 2 days non-irradiated or 2 weeks with irradiation
  • Irradiation (20 – 50 kGy) is optional, and must be requested at time of order

主要规划信息

最小起订量为 3 公斤，足够喂食约 20 只老鼠一个月
将饮食冷藏并计划在六个月内使用
典型的交货时间是两周（如果受到辐照，则为四个星期）
TD.01306 通常在未经辐照的 2 天内或辐照的 2 周内发货
辐照 (20 – 50 kGy) 是可选的，必须在订购时提出要求

Safe handling of doxycycline diets

  • Doxycycline is a tetracycline class antibiotic.
  • Usual dose for therapeutic effects in humans is 100-200 mg/day.
  • Doxycycline diets for rodents typically contain ~2 mg/pellet.
  • Accidental doxycycline exposure can be minimized by using typical lab precautions of lab coat, gloves, and mask when handling the diet.
  • Your chemical safety department should be contacted for additional institution specific guidelines for handling and disposal of doxycycline containing diets.

安全处理强力霉素饮食

强力霉素是一种四环素类抗生素。
人类治疗效果的常用剂量为 100-200 毫克/天。
啮齿动物的强力霉素饮食通常含有约 2 毫克/粒。
通过在处理饮食时使用实验室外套、手套和面罩等典型的实验室预防措施，可以最大限度地减少意外的强力霉素暴露。
应联系您的化学安全部门以获取有关处理和处置含有多西环素饮食的其他机构特定指南。

See our list of doxycycline references for additional information.

Contact us with your specific needs, and we can recommend an existing product code or create a new formulation.

有关更多信息，请参阅我们的多西环素参考文献列表。

如果您有具体需求，请联系我们，我们可以推荐现有产品代码或创建新配方。

Doxycycline diets

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Doxycycline diets

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